Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Comparative Lab Final

Terms in this set (123)

What are two factors that drive the passive movement of ions across the cell membrane?
concentration gradient, and ionic charge
The interior of a cell is ___a_______ charged with respect to the outside, and the magnitude of the potential difference is usually between ___b__ and __c_____ mV.
A. Negatively
B. 50
C. 80
1. Define action potential
2. Explain the membrane potential during this.
1. transient reversal of membrane potentials
2. negative to positive and back to negative again.
In the resting state,
1. Where is the concentration of Na+ the lowest?
2. Where is the concentration of K+ the lowest?
3. How is this regulated?
1. inside the cell
2. outside the cell
3. Na+-K+ ATPase (Na+-K+ pump)
The permeability of the membrane to _____a_____ is greater than its permeability to ____b_____.
A. Potassium (PK)
B. Sodium (PNa)
Define/Explain:
1. The compound action potential
2. Stimulus-response/axon recruitment
3.The conduction velocity
1. observing one or more populations of different fiber types, each type with similar conduction velocities.
2. how the response changes with increased stimulus voltage.
3. you will measure how fast action potentials are conducted down the axons.
What is the compound action potential (CAP)?
A large stimulus is delivered to the nerve, many axons respond and the recorded potential is the summation of all the axons firing
Explain the difference between Type A, B and C fibers?
Type A- The large, myelinated axons with the fastest conduction velocities
Type B- fibers are also myelinated, but have smaller diameters and slower conduction velocities.
Type C- fibers are very small, unmyelinated axons.
The mammalian heart is ________________, since it will continue to beat if removed from the body
autorhythmic
Blood enters the heart at a ________ pressure and leaves the heart at a _______ pressure
low; high
Blood returning from the body is sent to the ______ side of the heart
right
A group of weak muscle cells located in the ________ ________ act as the heart's pacemaker.
sinoatrial (SA) node
The _________ _________ of the heart ensures that there is no mixing of blood between the left and right sides
complete division
Oxygenated blood from the lungs is sent to the ________ side of the heart
left
Where are the semilunar valves located?
between the ventricle and artery on each side of the heart
In the ________ state of the heart, _________ arterial pressure shuts down the semilunar valves and prevents ________ of the blood from the artery into the ventricle.
relaxed; high; backflow
Ventricular contraction _________ the pressure of blood in the ventricle
increases
When ventricular pressure is greater than arterial pressure the ___________ __________ open and blood flows into the arteries
semilunar valves
The regular pattern of "peaks" produced by each heart beat cycle is called an ________ or _________
electrocardiogram; ECG
What are the 3 components of an ECG?
1.rapid depolarization
2. plateau depolarization
3.repolarization back to resting membrane potential
What type of wave does Atrial depolarization produce?
P-wave
What does Atrial repolarization produce?
The QRS complex
What type of wave does Ventricular repolarization produce?
T-wave
How do you calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
MAP= Cardiac output x Total Peripheral Resistance
During exercise, blood flow to the gut _________.
Decreases
During exercise, blood flow to the skeletal muscles _________.
Increases dramatically
During exercise, rate of blood flow around the circulatory system may be _________.
increased several fold
1. What is Blood Pressure?
2. where is it generally measured?
1. The pressure the blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls
2. generally measured in the arteries.
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure at which arteries at the peak of ventricular ejection.
What is diastolic pressure?
The residual pressure in the arteries when ventricles are relaxed.
What unit is blood pressure measured in?
mmHg
1. When reading blood pressure, which reading goes on the top?
2. on the bottom?
1. Systolic
2. Diastolic
Exercise illicits a response in which pressure?
systolic
What is a "normal" blood pressure?
120/80
1. What is the "Lub" sound?
2. How is it produced?
1. Sound that occurs during the early phase of ventricular contraction
2. Is produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves.
1. What is the "dub" sound?
2. How is it produced?
1. when the ventricles relax, blood pressure drops below that in the artery
2. sound produced by the close of the semilunar valves
The mammalian kidney plays a major role in what?
waste excretion and the balance of water and electrolytes.
Osmotic state is maintained by what?
Feedback control
Feedback control in the kidney involves what mechanisms?
neural and endocrine mechanisms.
Unless the water lost from the circulatory system is _____a______ quickly enough by water that is ingested, the plasma osmolarity will _______b_____.
A. Replaced
B. Increase
Osmotically sensitive neurons with cell bodies located in the _____a_____ and respond to what?
A. Hypothalamus
B. increased plasma osmolarity with an increased rate of firing.
What does ADH stand for?
Antidiuretic Hormone
Within the epithelial walls of the collecting ducts are trans-membrane proteins called _________?
Aquaporins
1. Drinking sugary substances such as soda does not increase the body's output of solutes in the urine because sugars are.....?

2. Urinary solute production is fairly ___a___ in the body, and therefore most all of the change you may see in solute concentration and therefore ______b______ of the urine will be due to changes in __c____ (urinary water) output. Typically, as urinary output _____d__, specific gravity decreases.
1. completely resorbed in the kidneys (except sometimes in the case of diabetes).

2a.constant
2b. specific gravity
2c. solvent
2d. increases
For metabolism to remain aerobic, these animals rely on the ___a___ that they can carry with them in the form of air in their lungs as well as oxygen bound to ____b____ pigments such as ___c__ in the blood and ____d___ in the muscles.
a. oxygen
b. respiratory
c. hemoglobin
d. myoglobin
Define:
1. Apnea
2. Bradycardia
3. peripheral vasoconstriction
1. to stop breathing
2. slowing of heart rate
3. limits blood flow to muscles allowing for more complete use of oxygen stores and even potential increase in reliance on anaerobic metabolism in the muscle.
What 2 tissues must remain aerobic?
Heart and Brain
1. Respiratory pigments are so named due to what 2 things?
2. How are they characterized?
1. coloration and the ability to reversibly bind oxygen
2. By their binding affinity for oxygen
What do respiratory pigments consist of that allows for oxygen binding?
globular proteins with a central porphyrin ring containing an iron ion (Fe2+) which binds the oxygen.
Define:
1. Pulmonary ventialtion
2. Pulmonary gas exchange
1. movement of gases between the lungs and the environment
2. movement of gases between the lungs and the blood stream
Define:
1. Tissue/Blood gas exchange
2. Cellular respiration
1. movement of gases between the bloodstream and the tissues.
2. consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide by cells and organelles.
What are alveoli?
a series of tubes that branch and terminate as clusters of small membranous air sacs
A high concentration gradient is insured by what?
(1) movement of blood with low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels to the lungs and (2) pulmonary ventilation (breathing), which maintains a high level of oxygen and a low level of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air
Inspiration is achieved how?
contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
Define:
1. Tidal volume
2. Vital capacity
3. residual volume
1. the amount of air moving into or out of the lungs during any one breathing cycle
2. maximum amount of air that can be moved through the lungs
3. volume of air in the lungs which can not be inhaled
IRV and ERV are controlled by what?
respiratory control center, which is located in the medulla of the brain.
Define:
1. inspiratory reserve volume
2. Expiratory reserve volume
after a normal expiration,
1. breathing in of additional air
2.exhalation of additional air from the lungs
As body size increases the metabolism ____a_____ on a 1 to 1 basis, and the specific metabolism (metabolic rate / kg. body mass) is generally ____b____ for larger animals
a. does not increase
b. lower
Which type of animal regulates body temp at an expense of higher metabolism?
Endothermic homeotherms
1. Over a broad range of animal species___________, metabolic rate increases with increasing mass by an order of about....?

2. However, ____________, metabolic rate increases with mass by an order of about ....?
1. Within a class; M.75.
2. within the same species; M.67
1. What are the 2 proteins found in most cells?
2. Which is bigger and what is it composed of?
1. Myosin and actin
2. myosin; a globular "head" and a long "tail"
What is crossbridge cycling?
The rapid making and breaking of these bonds together with the conformational (shape) changes in the myosin head, cause the actin and myosin filaments to slide over one another.
Striated muscle includes ___a___ and _b_____ muscle and derives its name from the banded or striated appearance created by repeated units called "_____c_______"
a. skeletal
b. cardiac
c. sarcomeres
In all muscles, an increase in the level of what acts as a trigger for contraction?
intracellular calcium
Stimulation of a particular _______a______ will create a contraction of only one type of ____b_____ fibers; this property is used by the ____c____ to recruit different muscle fibers into a contraction.
a. motorneuron
b. muscle
c. brain
1. Motorneurons that supply ____a____, slow, oxidative fibers have the ____b____ threshold;
2. those innervating __a___, intermediate-strength oxidative fibers have ____b____ thresholds;
3. and those that supply the ____a___, strong, glycolytic fibers have the ____b___ thresholds
1a. weak 1b. lowest

2a. fast. 2b. higher

3a. fast. 3c. highest
The amount of muscle contraction is dependent upon what?
stimulus frequency.
Explain how myosin moves.******
1. Tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin
2. Ca2+ binds to troponin C, myosin binding sites are uncovered, myosin heads bind actin, and cross bridges form
3. cross bridges pivot producing tension, ATP is covered to ADP and Pi
4. Cross bridges break, ATP binds and cross bridge cycle continues
What wave is produced by each:
1. Atrial depolarization
2. Atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization
3. Ventricular repolarization
1. produces the P wave.
2. produce the QRS complex.
3. produces the T wave.
Mean arterial pressure =
Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
The action potential spreads slowly through the AV node and then rapidly through what?
Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers to excite both ventricles.
Blood enters the heart at a ___a__ pressure and leaves at a ____b___ pressure, which provides force to propel the blood through the circulatory system.
a. low
b. high
Blood returning from the body is sent to the ___a____ side of the heart and then to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. This oxygenated blood is sent to the ___b____ side of the heart and back to the body, where oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is collected.
a. right
b. left
How the blood circulates through the heart....
systemic circulation via vena cava, right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atria, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic circulation
True or False: When the heart beats, the atria and ventricles do not contract with one another (both atria don't contract at the same time and both ventricles don't contract at the same time).
False
Arteries move blood _______ the heart.
away from
Veins move blood _________ the heart.
towards
The x-axis on an ECG correlates to what?
time
How is pulse pressure calculated?
Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
Which wave has the greatest amplitude on an ECG?
R-wave
A PR interval of greater than ____ indicates potential cardiac problems.
0.2s
What is the P-R time interval?
The time interval measured from the beginning of the P-wave to the beginning of the QRS complex
What is the Q-T time interval?
The time interval measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave
What is the T-P time interval?
The time interval measured from the end of the T wave to the beginning of the P wave
What is the R-R time interval?
The time interval measured from peak to peak of successive R waves
How is heart rate calculated?
HR (BPM)= (60 sec/min)/ (average sec/beat)
Possible bonus question: Fancy name for the blood pressure cuff
sphygmomanometer
1. Increased stretch is associated with increased rate of what?
2. This information is transmitted via an ___a_____ nerve to the ____b______, where the nerve branches.
1. receptor firing

2a. afferent 2b. spinal cord
Descending influences from the brain can influence reflexes, but cannot what?
control them directly
1. A reflex action seen on the side of the body opposite of the stimulus is called a(n) _________ reflex.
2. A reflex action seen on the same side of the body is called a(n) _______ reflex
1. contralateral
2. Ipsilateral
1. In a stretch reflex, the same muscle that was stretched is then _______ contraction
2. ________ muscles are sensory organs that detect rates of change in the length of a muscle
3. _______muscles generate tension by contracting and allow muscle movement
1. stimulated for
2. Intrafusal
3. Extrafusal
The hammer to Achilles tendon was a reflex reaction under _____a__ control through which the hammer(stimulus) is perceived by ___b___ of the extensor muscle that excites motor neurons to the ____c______
a. Autonomic
b. spindle
c. extensor
1. The hammer to hand was under _______- control using the afferent nervous system

2. Mental distraction decreases the ___a_____ at the synapse in reflex arcs and increases the ___b_____ of the stretch reflex by ___c_______ the muscle tone.
1. conscious
2a. resistance 2b. amplitude 2c. increasing
_________ Causes the diameter of the pupil to increase when the back of the neck is stimulated; increases the number of sympathetic nerve impulses to muscles that dilate the iris
Ciliospinal reflex
Define:
1.Parasympathetic
2. Sympathetic
1. Branch of the autonomic nervous system involved with constriction
2. Branch of the autonomic nervous system involved with dilation
__________ Is caused by positive charges in the cell leaking to an adjacent unstimulated region
Propagation
On myelinated nerve cords, action potentials are only transferred at the ___________
Nodes of Ranvier
1. During a contraction, there is _____ activity in motor units of the same muscle
2. What causes a dilation of the pupils?
1. synchronous
2. Sympathetic nural activity
Changes in muscle length are monitored by specialized muscle fibers known as what?
spindle or intramural fibers
_____________ insures that there is no mixing of deoxygenated blood (in the right side) with oxygenated blood (in the left side).
complete division of the heart
True/ False:
Heart contractions are dependent on the brain.
False, rhythm comes from within the heart itsel
The ___________ __________ are located between the ventricle and the artery on each side of the heart.
semilunar valves
In the relaxed heart, the ____ _________ _______ shuts the semilunar valves and prevents back flow of blood from the artery into the ventricle.
high arterial pressure
Define:
1. systolic pressure,
2. diastolic pressure
1. pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular ejection,
2. residual pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed.
1. Slow oxidative motor units tend to be ____a___ motor units with consequently ___b___ nerves innervating them. Fast glycolytic motor units tend to be ___c____ with a ___d____ number of muscle fibers and consequently ____e_____ diameter nerves innervating them.


2. This difference results in the ________________- fibers being recruited first when there is a stimulus for movement.
1a&b. small
1c&e. larger
1d. greater

2. slow oxidative
What are three general classifications to types of muscle fibers?
slow oxidative (SO), fast glycolytic (FG), and fast oxidative (FO).
Slow Oxidative muscle fibers contain______________ myosin and can meet their moderate metabolic ATP requirements with _______ but _________ oxidative phosphorylation.
slow cycling; slow; efficient
FG muscle fibers contain the_______a___ myosin and need to meet their ____b___ metabolic ATP requirements by the ____c__ but ____d___efficient means of glycolysis. Although they have high rates of ATP use, the FO fibers can meet these demands oxidatively by having a high ____c____ density (to increase blood flow and therefore oxygen delivery) as well as high____f___ densities for greater oxidative phosphorylation.
a. fast cycling
b. high
c. fast
d. less efficient
e. high capillary density
f. mitochondrial
What is a motor unit?
A motorneuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
What is EMG?
Electromyogram
Blood enters via the_______- and exits through the _________-
heart; capillaries
Which group is expected to have lower specific gravity? soda or water
water
Draw and label an ECG
...
What nerve fibers conduct the fastest?
Type A - large diameter and mylenated axons
Calculate reflex time:
Receptor = 30
Intrafusal = 60
Extrafusal = 90

Finger to brain = 1.1m
Finger to spine = 0.8m
(distance F-S / reflex time) + (distance S-F / reflex time) = answer

intrafusal = monitors changes in muscle length
extrafusal = generates tension by contracting
3 drawings of myosin and actin: which elicits the strongest contraction
the happy medium (the middle = not to close and not too stretched)
What allows the heart muscle cells to allow action potential transfer?
Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)?
What computer program did we use?
Lab scribe
T/F:
The exercise response will overtake the diving response.
False
Absence of _______ causes rigor mortis
ATP
Crossbridge cycling (sliding filament theory) steps (~16)
- sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions
- ions bind to troponin
-troponin changes shape and moves the tropomyosin
-myosin binding sites are exposed
- myosin heads can bind to actin forming cross-bridges
-myosin movement in muscle ppt video
Action potential steps (~7)
1) action pot propogates
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8) watch video in muscle ppt
Example of an animal that would use fast oxidative fibers?
Tuna due to their highly migratory lifestyle and bursts of high speed swimming
Sets found in the same folder