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CH 20: MasteringAandP

Terms in this set (83)

Most cell types are ________ permeable to water. An exception is cells of the ________, which can be either impermeable or permeable, depending upon the absence or presence of ________.

A.) very ; loop of Henle; ion channels
B.) not very; loop of Henle; aquaporins
C.) very; distal nephron; aquaporins
D.) not very; distal nephron; ion channels
C.) very; distal nephron; aquaporins
Osmoreceptors are located in the _____.

A.) atria
B.) hypothalamus
C.) arteries
D.) pituitary
B.) hypothalamus
Dehydration triggers a/an _____ in osmolarity and secretion of _____.

A.) decrease; aldosterone
B.) increase; aldosterone
C.) decrease; ADH/vasopressin
D.) increase; ADH/vasopressin
D.) increase; ADH/vasopressin
Hyponatremia _____ the secretion of ADH/vasopressin and _____ the secretion of aldosterone.

A.) decreases; increases
B.) increases; increases
C.) decreases; decreases
D.) increases; decreases
A.) decreases; increases
When aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption, why doesn't water automatically follow?

A.) There is no need for water to follow because reabsorbed sodium does not change ECF osmolarity.
B.) Aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption and water secretion.
C.) The distal nephron epithelium is impermeable to water without vasopressin.
D.) Aldosterone causes sodium to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule, but all water reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule.
C.) The distal nephron epithelium is impermeable to water without vasopressin.
The ion imbalance known as ________ initially leads to ________ in excitable cells.

A.) hypokalemia; hyperpolarization
B.) hyperkalemia; hyperpolarization
C.) hyperkalemia; depolarization
D.) hypokalemia; depolarization
C.) hyperkalemia; depolarization
Dehydration leads to ________ blood volume, ________ blood pressure, and ________ osmolarity.

A.) decreased; increased; increased
B.) increased; decreased; increased
C.) decreased; decreased; increased
D.) decreased; increased; decreased
C.) decreased; decreased; increased
During severe dehydration, the adrenal cortex receives two competing stimuli: high plasma osmolarity and decreased volume. In response to this, aldosterone is not released. Why is this beneficial?

A.) Aldosterone would increase sodium retention, leading to shrinkage of cells throughout the body.
B.) Aldosterone causes water loss that would contribute to the dehydration.
C.) Aldosterone would cause sodium secretion, causing osmosis and further water loss.
D.) Aldosterone inhibits the translocation of aquaporin (AQP2) channels. No aldosterone means that less water is lost via this pathway.
A.) Aldosterone would increase sodium retention, leading to shrinkage of cells throughout the body.
Which system helps control pH by eliminating H+ from the body?

A.) Urinary
B.) Respiratory
C.) Digestive
D.) Buffer
A.) Urinary
Why is maintaining osmolarity so important to the body?

A.) The membranes of most cell types are freely permeable to water.
B.) The membranes of most cell types are freely permeable to anions.
C.) The membranes of most cell types are freely permeable to cations.
D.) The membranes of most cell types are freely permeable to proteins.
A.) The membranes of most cell types are freely permeable to water.
The primary route for water loss from the body is the ________ system.

A.) respiratory
B.) cardiovascular
C.) urinary
D.) digestive
E.) integumentary
C.) urinary
The primary route for ion loss from the body is the ________ system.

A.) cardiovascular
B.) respiratory
C.) digestive
D.) urinary
E.) integumentary
D.) urinary
Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

A.) resting membrane potential.
B.) osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
C.) volume of extracellular fluid.
D.) permeability of cell membranes.
E.) blood pressure.
B.) osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body's water balance are

A.) urinary and cardiovascular.
B.) digestive and respiratory.
C.) cardiovascular and respiratory.
D.) digestive and cardiovascular.
E.) urinary and respiratory.
A.) urinary and cardiovascular.
Kidneys respond relatively ________ to changes in blood volume.

A.) slowly
B.) quickly
A.) slowly
Most body water is located

A.) in plasma.
B.) in interstitial fluid.
C.) in lumens of organs open to the outside.
D.) inside cells.
D.) inside cells.
Which of the following is the correct classification of vasopressin?

A.) neurohormone
B.) classic hormone
C.) trophic hormone
D.) neurotransmitter
A.) neurohormone
Which of the following structures is the site of release for vasopressin?

A.) adrenal gland
B.) posterior pituitary
C.) anterior pituitary
D.) hypothalamus
E.) kidney
B.) posterior pituitary
Which of the following best describes the direct effect of vasopressin?

A.) increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the kidney
B.) decreases blood plasma osmolarity
C.) decreases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the kidney
D.) increased blood plasma osmolarity
A.) increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the kidney
Sally goes to the emergency room (ER) seeking treatment for mild dehydration. The ER nurse mistakenly gives Sally an IV bag of solution that is very hypotonic to normal cells. Which of the following statements about the release of vasopressin reflects what would occur as a result of this mistake?

A.) There is no effect on vasopressin release.
B.) There is increased release of vasopressin.
C.) There is not enough information to tell.
D.) There is decreased release of vasopressin.
D.) There is decreased release of vasopressin.
Which is NOT an important route of water loss from the body?

A.) Insensible loss through lungs
B.) Metabolic breakdown of water molecules
C.) Insensible loss through skin
D.) Defecation
B.) Metabolic breakdown of water molecules
The ________ limb of the loop of Henle is permeable only to ________, which is reabsorbed all along the length because the fluid outside is ________ concentrated deeper in the medulla.

A.) ascending; water; less
B.) descending; ions; less
C.) ascending; water; more
D.) descending; water; more
D.) descending; water; more
If a patient had damage to the posterior pituitary that resulted in decreased secretion of vasopressin, which of the following would you expect to happen?

A.) decreased urine output and increased blood volume
B.) increased urine output and increased blood volume
C.) decreased urine output and decreased blood volume
D.) increased urine output and decreased blood volume
D.) increased urine output and decreased blood volume
What is the mechanism of action of vasopressin?

A.) closure of V2 receptor channels, preventing sodium movement and osmosis of water from the tubule to the interstitial pace
B.) opening of AQP-2 channels in the basolateral surface of proximal tubule cells
C.) decreasing the resistance in the afferent arteriole
D.) insertion of AQP-2 into the apical membrane of collecting duct cells
D.) insertion of AQP-2 into the apical membrane of collecting duct cells
What would cause osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus to shrink and what effect would that have?

A.) high plasma osmolarity, decreased vasopressin release
B.) high plasma osmolarity, release of vasopressin
C.) low plasma osmolarity, release of vasopressin
D.) low plasma osmolarity, decreased vasopressin release
B.) high plasma osmolarity, release of vasopressin
What is the effect of countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle?

A.) Solutes (ions) are most concentrated as filtrate leaves the loop of Henle.
B.) The filtrate becomes progressively more hyposmotic as it descends the loop.
C.) Water is reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle.
D.) The filtrate is least concentrated at the deepest part of the loop of Henle.
C.) Water is reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle.
Kidneys regulate

A.) both water loss and gain.
B.) water gain only.
C.) water loss only.
C.) water loss only.
When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder

A.) can be returned to the circulation directly.
B.) can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys.
C.) will still be expelled from the body in the urine.
C.) will still be expelled from the body in the urine.
Water reabsorption by the kidneys is a result of

A.) both passive and active transport processes.
B.) exchange with ions.
C.) cotransport with ions.
D.) osmosis.
D.) osmosis.
The hormone that directly controls water reabsorption by the kidneys is

A.) ANP.
B.) vasopressin.
C.) aldosterone.
D.) angiotensin.
E.) epinephrine.
B.) vasopressin.
The hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

A.) only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
B.) decreases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules.
C.) increases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules.
D.) only decreases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
A.) only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
Why do patients taking loop diuretics need to take supplemental potassium?

A.) They inhibit the reabsorption of potassium as well as sodium in the loop of Henle.
B.) They cause active reabsorption of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule.
C.) They cause active secretion of potassium in the loop of Henle.
D.) They inhibit intestinal absorption of potassium.
A.) They inhibit the reabsorption of potassium as well as sodium in the loop of Henle.
The primary osmoreceptors are located in the

A.) hypothalamus.
B.) stomach.
C.) kidney.
D.) pons.
E.) medulla.
A.) hypothalamus.
Osmoreceptors depolarize after they ________ in response to ________ plasma osmolarity.

A.) swell, increased
B.) shrink, decreased
C.) swell, decreased
D.) shrink, increased
D.) shrink, increased
The hormone vasopressin

A.) stimulates the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine.
B.) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity.
C.) stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions.
D.) stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
E.) All of the answers are correct.
D.) stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in

A.) decreased urine production.
B.) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
C.) secretion of vasopressin.
D.) increased thirst.
E.) increased glomerular filtration.
B.) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies register increased blood pressure, this results in

A.) increased glomerular filtration.
B.) decreased urine production.
C.) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
D.) increased thirst.
E.) secretion of vasopressin.
C.) inhibition of vasopressin secretion.
Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

A.) filtration.
B.) diuresis.
C.) diuretics.
D.) osmotic diuresis.
B.) diuresis.
________ interstitial osmolarity allows urine to be concentrated.

A.) High cortex
B.) Low medullary
C.) Low cortex
D.) High medullary
D.) High medullary
The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the

A.) countercurrent exchange system.
B.) portal system.
C.) countercurrent heat exchanger.
D.) capillaries.
A.) countercurrent exchange system.
An explorer has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result, you would expect to observe

A.) cells enlarged with fluid.
B.) increased blood volume.
C.) normal urine production.
D.) elevated vasopressin levels.
E.) decreased blood osmolarity.
D.) elevated vasopressin levels.
Which of the following leads to the lowest water loss during a day?

A.) lungs
B.) metabolism
C.) skin
D.) feces
E.) kidneys
D.) feces
The most potent stimulus for vasopressin release is

A.) blood volume.
B.) blood pressure.
C.) low potassium.
D.) plasma osmolarity.
D.) plasma osmolarity.
Aldosterone secretion increases in response to ________ and causes ________.

A.) renin; sodium reabsorption
B.) increased angiotensin II; sodium secretion
C.) decreased angiotensin II; sodium secretion
D.) increased angiotensin II; sodium reabsorption
D.) increased angiotensin II; sodium reabsorption
Where does the reabsorption of ions occur in the nephron to produce a hyposmotic solution in the tubules?

A.) proximal tubule
B.) descending limb of the loop of Henle
C.) distal tubule
D.) ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D.) ascending limb of the loop of Henle
How does angiotensin II (ANG II) directly affect the kidneys?

A.) It increases sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
B.) It stimulates vasopressin release.
C.) It causes potassium secretion in the distal tubule.
D.) It causes sodium secretion in the proximal tubule.
A.) It increases sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Granular cells secrete

A.) angiotensin converting enzyme.
B.) aldosterone.
C.) renin.
D.) angiotensinogen.
E.) angiotensin I.
C.) renin.
ACE converts

A.) renin to angiotensinogen.
B.) angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
C.) renin to aldosterone.
D.) angiotensin II to aldosterone.
E.) angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
B.) angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include

A.) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron only.
B.) a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule only.
C.) high blood pressure in the renal artery only.
D.) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
E.) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron, a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule, and high blood pressure in the renal artery.
D.) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
Angiotensin II stimulates

A.) vasoconstriction only.
B.) thirst only.
C.) synthesis and release of aldosterone.
D.) thirst and vasoconstriction.
E.) thirst, vasoconstriction, and synthesis and release of aldosterone.
E.) thirst, vasoconstriction, and synthesis and release of aldosterone.
Which of the following is NOT true about angiotensin II?

A.) stimulates thirst
B.) activates parasympathetic output
C.) elevates blood pressure
D.) is a potent vasoconstrictor
E.) increases cardiac output
B.) activates parasympathetic output
Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called

A.) beta blockers.
B.) diuretics.
C.) calcium channel blockers.
D.) ACE inhibitors.
D.) ACE inhibitors.
Aldosterone

A.) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
B.) increases the concentration of sodium in urine.
C.) helps decrease blood volume.
D.) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood.
E.) functions in pH regulation.
A.) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
Atrial natriuretic peptide

A.) inhibits release of renin.
B.) stimulates release of renin.
C.) increases GFR.
D.) increases GFR and inhibits release of renin.
E.) increases GFR and stimulates release of renin.
D.) increases GFR and inhibits release of renin.
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

A.) atrial natriuretic peptide.
B.) cortisol.
C.) adrenaline.
D.) erythropoietin.
E.) angiotensin I.
E.) angiotensin I.
Decreased ECF volume causes

A.) arteriolar vasodilation.
B.) parasympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.
C.) the force of ventricular contraction to decrease.
D.) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase and arteriolar vasodilation.
E.) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.
E.) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.
If sodium increases in the ECF, water will move from

A.) the ECF to cells, and cells will shrink.
B.) the ECF to cells, and cells will swell.
C.) cells to the ECF, and cells will swell.
D.) cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink.
D.) cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink.
A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in increased

A.) blood volume.
B.) blood pressure.
C.) retention of sodium ions at the kidney.
D.) water retention.
E.) All of these effects.
E.) All of these effects.
The RAS pathway begins with secretion of

A.) angiotensinogen.
B.) angiotensin converting enzyme.
C.) renin.
D.) aldosterone.
E.) vasopressin.
C.) renin.
An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called

A.) hyperkalemia.
B.) hyperpotasseplasmia.
C.) hyperpotassemia.
D.) hypercalcemia.
E.) hypernatremia.
A.) hyperkalemia.
Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the

A.) spleen.
B.) kidneys.
C.) liver.
D.) sweat glands.
E.) digestive system.
B.) kidneys.
Which effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount of potassium ion in the urine?

A.) no effect
B.) increase
C.) decrease
C.) decrease
Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia, you would expect

A.) the membrane potential of nerves and muscles to be more negative.
B.) abnormal cardiac rhythms.
C.) muscle weakness and increased strength of twitch contractions.
D.) the potassium ion concentration of the interstitial fluid to be less than normal.
E.) All of the answers are correct.
B.) abnormal cardiac rhythms.
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is

A.) cortisol.
B.) somatotropin.
C.) parathormone.
D.) thymosin.
E.) aldosterone.
E.) aldosterone.
A decrease in fluid osmolarity may result from ingesting too much water. What mechanism exists to counteract the drinking of too much water?

A.) salt appetite
B.) oropharynx receptors
C.) angiotensin II
D.) the renin-angiotensin system
A.) salt appetite
Which of the following is a similarity between respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis?

A.) These problems are caused by non-carbon dioxide origins.
B.) The lungs can compensate for these disturbances.
C.) Changes in pH are the result of changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body.
D.) The change in carbon dioxide causes the buffer equation to shift to the left.
C.) Changes in pH are the result of changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body.
Two hours before major surgery is to begin, the patient experiences "jitters," an elevated heart rate and blood pressure. These symptoms are the result of

A.) decreased levels of epinephrine in the blood.
B.) decreased activity of sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus.
C.) increased parasympathetic activity.
D.) sympathetic activation.
E.) All of these mechanisms.
D.) sympathetic activation.
Change in homeostasis of ________ has a bigger impact on acid-base balance than the other options presented in this question.

A.) potassium ions
B.) Water
C.) sodium ions
D.) ATP
A.) potassium ions
Symptoms of low plasma pH may include

A.) CNS depression only.
B.) numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches only.
C.) confusion and disorientation only.
D.) CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
E.) CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches.
D.) CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
The most important factor affecting the pH of plasma is the concentration of

A.) lactic acid.
B.) hydrochloric acid.
C.) ketone bodies.
D.) carbon dioxide.
E.) organic acids.
D.) carbon dioxide.
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A.) increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation.
B.) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C.) buffer the urine.
D.) prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
E.) buffer stomach acid.
D.) prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
Which of the following is most likely to be observed in a patient with compensated respiratory alkalosis?

A.) body retains less carbon dioxide
B.) kidneys secrete fewer hydrogen ions
C.) respiratory rate increases
D.) kidneys conserve bicarbonate
E>) tidal volume increases
B.) kidneys secrete fewer hydrogen ions
Prolonged vomiting of the stomach's contents can result in

A.) respiratory acidosis.
B.) metabolic alkalosis.
C.) respiratory alkalosis.
D.) metabolic acidosis.
E.) None of the answers are correct.
B.) metabolic alkalosis.
A person who suffers from emphysema will exhibit signs of

A.) respiratory alkalosis.
B.) metabolic alkalosis.
C.) metabolic acidosis.
D.) respiratory acidosis.
E.) None of the answers are correct.
D.) respiratory acidosis.
A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of

A.) metabolic acidosis.
B.) metabolic alkalosis.
C.) respiratory acidosis.
D.) respiratory alkalosis.
E.) None of the answers are correct.
D.) respiratory alkalosis.
The normal pH range for most body fluids is ________.

A.) 7 to 8
B.) 7.38 to 7.42
C.) 7.5 to 8
D.) 7.25 to 7.75
B.) 7.38 to 7.42
When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

A.) homeostasis
B.) acidosis
C.) equilibrium
D.) alkalosis
D.) alkalosis
A buffer

A.) always decreases pH.
B.) moderates changes in pH.
C.) binds or releases bicarbonate ions.
D.) always increases pH.
B.) moderates changes in pH.
Abnormal fat and amino acid metabolism may lead to the condition called

A.) ketoacidosis.
B.) respiratory acidosis.
C.) lactic acidosis.
D.) metabolic alkalosis.
A.) ketoacidosis.
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2O and CO2 to H2CO3 is called

A.) renin.
B.) carbonic acid.
C.) bicarbonate ion.
D.) carbonic anhydrase.
D.) carbonic anhydrase.
In response to a rapid increase of organic acid in the body, you would expect to observe

A.) decreased heart rate.
B.) increased alveolar ventilation.
C.) increased blood pH.
D.) decreased blood pressure.
B.) increased alveolar ventilation.
What is the mechanism of action of vasopressin?

A.) insertion of AQP-2 into the apical membrane of distal tubule cells
B.) opening of AQP-2 channels in the basolateral surface of proximal tubule cells
C.) closure of V2 receptor channels, preventing sodium movement and osmosis of water from the tubule to the interstitial pace.
D.) decreasing the resistance in the afferent arteriole
A.) insertion of AQP-2 into the apical membrane of distal tubule cells
What is the primary stimulus for natriuretic peptide release?

A.) distal tubule sodium concentration
B.) myocardial cell stretch
C.) blood pressure
D.) extracellular fluid osmolarity
B.) myocardial cell stretch
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