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child development exam 3

Terms in this set (40)

social development:
a process by which children:

1) become integrated into the larger social community, learning what is appropriate in given society

2) become differentiated as individuals, forming own personality
Erikson's stages:
8 stages overall of psychosocial development: trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame/doubt, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, identity v role confusion, intimacy v isolation, generativity v stagnation, integrity v despair

believed that every human goes through a certain number of stages to reach his/her full development, theorizing 8 stages, that a human goes through birth to death; each stage is marked by a conflict, for which successful resolution will result in favorable outcome; only when both extremes are understood/accepted as both required/useful can optimal virtue for stage surface
which one is critical during pre school years

both sides of conflict
initiative v guilt

initiative: eagerness to try new tasks, join activities with peers; play permits trying out new skills; act out highly visible occupations

guilt: an important motivator of moral action, see some guilt reactions by end of toddlerhood, is not the only force that compels use to act morally
children's self concept
self-concept: awareness of oneself as a separate, unique individual; dynamic and changes over time; composed of 4 accomplishments: self-awareness, self-recognition, self-definition, self-esteem
self-awareness:
an individual's perceptions of him/herself as distinct and separate from other people and objects; parallels the cognitive achievement of object permanence, when the child can hold mental images; usually evident by 18 months
self-recognition:
most can distinguish their own photography by age 2
self-definition:
emerges as children begin to use language to describe themselves; have growing awareness of age, size, gender, skills; often observed in children proudly telling you how old they are or asking someone to watch them perform a task; autobiographical memory begins to be constructed about age 3--a continuous identity carried through life
self-esteem:
overall sense of worth as person that the child derives from the qualities that are associated with self-concept; emerges from feedback young children receive from others and their perceptions of that feedback; children who perceive themselves as: loved, valued, worthy, competent, develop healthy self-esteem
self-regulation:
ability to control one's emotions, behaviors, and feelings

myelination is complete by age 2 which may contribute to ability to regulate responses

considered the "cornerstone of children's development"
self regulation strategies:
social referencing- process of looking to a parent or adult for emotional info in order to make sense of event

active engagement (distraction)- focusing attention on SOMETHING ELSE to resist engaging in a certain behavior

effortful control: ability to stop an action that is already underway and self-concept

self-soothing behaviors: self-manipulating, verbal, or physical venting behaviors

LANGUAGE IS KEY

functions: regulation is needed to solve problems & learn; needed to met social goals
influences on children's ability to self-regulate:
self-control: important emotional goal in early childhood, develops over a period of years

indicators: control of impulses, tolerance of frustration, ability to postpone immediate gratification, imitation of a plan that is carried out over a period of time
emotion regulation:
ability to control feelings/emotions

ability to control expression of emotions
self-regulation & emotion regulation are necessary for:
socio-emotional competence: ability to behave appropriately in social situations- even those involving strong emotions
how well can children understand emotions in early childhood?
altruism- behavior that is intended to help another w/out expectation of reward; temperament plays a role in level of empathy, those that have difficulty regulating emotions feel personal distress when others are in distress
empathy:
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
sympathy:
feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune
importance of play:
play is work of childhood, provides essential medium for the establishment of friendships, parten describes play patterns in young children
different types of play:
nonsocial activity: unoccupied, onlooker behavior, solitary play

parallel activity: plays near other children with similar toys, but does not try to influence them

social interaction: associative play- engage in separate activities but exchange toys & comment on one another's activity

cooperative play- children play with each other toward a common goal
what does early childhood friendship look like?
someone who likes you, plays with you, and shares toys with you

friendships change frequently
what does research (in text) say about friendships?
...
how can parents help children develop positive peer relationships?
direct: arrange formal peer activities, guidance on how to act toward others

indirect: secure attachment, emotionally expressive, supportive communication
overall 3 step process of gender development that occurs during childhood:
1st- label sex (their own & others)

2nd- begin to define categories of gender in terms of behaviors and activities

3rd- begin to incorporate gender info into identity
study described in class on early gender development:

what information does it provide about when children start to develop gender preferences?
research presenting visual images of vehicles/dolls

at 12 months: look equally at objects

18 months: boys look longer at vehicles; girls look longer at dolls
gender typing:
process of associating objects, activities, roles, traits with one sex or the other

early childhood: gender typing is well under way
exs of gender typing in early childhood:
early expectations, child-rearing values (what you want your child to be like/become), parenting practices, siblings
gender roles:
beliefs and expectations about what is appropriate behavior for males & females

gender role identification is inherited, biologically based, evolved overtime

genetic mechanisms= hormones
gender constancy:
children actively self-construct their gender through schema
story of David Reimer:

what does his story tell us about nature of gender role development?
even after a sex change surgery, you really can't force someone to be the opposite gender of what they were born as
3 theories of gender role development:
social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, gender schema theory
social learning theory
gender typing behavior leads to gender identity

behavior comes before self-perception; gender role identification happens through experiences in environment
cognitive developmental theory:
self-perceptions (gender constancy) come before behavior

children develop an appreciation for permanency of their sex & use this idea to guide their behavior
gender schema theory:
combines social learning & cognitive developmental theories


children's cognition + environmental pressures = gender-role development; info processing approach that combines social learning & cognitive development theories


children pick up gender-stereotyped behaviors from others
gender identity:
an image of oneself as feminine or masculine
what does it mean to have an androgynous gender identity?
viewing self as high on both masculine and feminine characteristics
info on moral development:

definitions w/ moral development:
understanding society's rules, ability to distinguish right & wrong, developing a set of values
different perspectives on moral development:
psychoanalytic: Freud: superego & guilt, children from a superego by identifying with same-sex parent whose moral standards they adopt; they obey super ego to avoid guilt, moral development is largely completed by age 5/6 (today: induction, empathy-based guilt)

social learning: modeling moral behavior; morality does not have unique course of development; moral behavior acquired through reinforcement & modeling

behaviorist: rewards and punishments

cognitive development: children as active thinkers about social rules
3 types of parenting styles:
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive
which parenting style is most effective? why?
authoritative

warm, involved parents provide models of caring concern as well as confident, self-controlled behavior

children are far more likely to comply with and internalize control that appears fair and reasonable

authoritative parents let children know that they are competent individuals, which fosters self-esteem and maturity

supportive aspects of authoritative style including paternal acceptance, involvement, and rational control, are powerful sources of resilience
4 types of child maltreatment:
physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse
Raising Cain:

relates to gender development?
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