Anthropology

Cognition
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Terms in this set (18)
Cognition
-how a person perceives and processes information
Down's Syndrome
-trisomy 21 is the most frequent chromosome abnormality
-more frequent in moms that are greater than 35
-more common in white than black
DS clinical manifestations
-intelligence: varies from mental retardation to average intelligence
-social development: 2-3 years beyond mental age, especially during childhood
-30/50% have heart defects!
-flat facial profile, small nose, protruding tongue, low set ears, abundant neck skin, trans-palmar creases, separated sagital suture
DS therapeutic management
-surgery for serious congenital anomalies
-vision and hearing screen to prevent hearing loss
-preserve physical health
-life expectancy generally 30 years
Hydrocephalus
-imbalance in the production and absorption of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain
-an infant who's cranial sutures are not fused together gets an accumulation of fluid causing an enlarged head with an increased ICP
-obstructive (noncommunication) and absorption (communicative)
Hydrocephalus causes:
-congenital: possible maternal infection, developed malformations
-acquired: meningitis, cysts, tumors, trauma or hemorrhage
Hydrocephalus S/S
-Infants: enlarged head, bulging fontanels, feeding difficulty, irritable/lethargic, high pitched cry, sunset eyes (pupils on lower lids)
-Children: increase ICP, headache, irritable and confused
Hydrocephalus diagnostics
-CAT scan
-prenatal ultrasound
-MRI
-transillumination
Hydrocephalus treatment
-surgery: shunt (ventriculoperitoneal and VA)
-complications related to shunt: infection in first 2 months after surgery (staph. epidermis and staph. aureus), tube or valve clogging
Treatment of shunt infections
-removal of shunt and drainage plus antibiotics
-removal of shunt and immediate reinsertion of shunt plus antibiotics
-treatment of antibiotics alone
Hydrocephalus nursing care-observe increase ICP -observe for infection, shunt malfunction -skin care -monitor I and O -head circumference measurement -observe fontanels and maintain adequate nutrition -shunt alert cardAnecephaly-missing cortex, baby usually dies within a few days/weeksEncephalocele-herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the skullSpina bifida-malformation of the spine that leaves the meninges and spinal cord exposed -abnormal of embryonic neural tube-fails to closeSpina bifida causes-maternal dietary folic acid deficiency -maternal heat exposure in first trimester (hot tubs, saunas, radiation) -valproic acid (anti epileptic) -familial tendencyMyelomeningocele-herniation of the cord containing the brain and spinal cordMyelomeningocele manifestations-usually happens in the lumbar area -skeletal/joint deformities, weakness/paralysis, neurogenic bladder, bowel controlMyelomeningocele treatment-prevent infection -surgery -orthopedics -laxative/fiber -if UTIs or retention: straight cath