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Chapter 14: Study Guide

Terms in this set (121)

The study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological difficulties is known as
A. developmental psychology.
B. comparativepsychology.
C. socialpsychology.
D. clinical psychology.
d
Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses. They found that
A. ifstudentsorcliniciansexpectedaparticularassociation,theyperceivedit, regardless of whether the data was supportive.
B. studentsandcliniciansonlysawrelationshipsthatweresupportedbythedata.
C. professionalcliniciansweremoreaccuratethanstudentsinassessing
relationships.
D. studentsandcliniciansonlyrecognizedpositiverelationshipsiftheactual
correlations were greater than 0.75.
A
According to the text, an important implication of the research on illusory thinking is that
A. intuitionhasnolegitimateplaceinthefieldofscience.
B. thescientificmethodistheonlylegitimatewaytoanswersignificanthuman
questions.
C. psychologistsmusttesttheirpreconceptionsbeforepresentingthemastruth.
D. conventionalwisdomisalmostalwayswrong.
C
Following the suicide of a friend or family member, feelings of guilt are often magnified by
A. illusorythinking.
B. thefundamentalattributionerror. C. hindsightbias.
D. confirmation bias.
C
Rosenhan and his colleagues (1973) faked schizophrenic symptoms to infiltrate mental hospitals. Once they had been admitted and no longer complained of any fake symptoms,
A. professionalcliniciansquicklydistinguishedthemfromtherealpatientsand released them from the hospital.
B. theclinicianssoughtandfoundevidenceintheirhistoriesandbehaviortoconfirm their admitting diagnoses.
C. thepseudo-patientswereostracizedbythehospital'srealpatients.
D. thepseudo-patientsabsorbedtheir"sick"rolesanddevelopedadditional
symptoms in the course of their treatment
B
In Rosenhan's study (1973), clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of
A. self-servingbias. B. hindsightbias.
C. self-handicapping. D. overjustification.
B
When Rosenhan and his research associates (1973) reported to mental hospital admissions offices that they were "hearing voices," most were
A. diagnosedwithschizophreniaandhospitalizedfortwotothreeweeks.
B. notdiagnosedwithamentalillness,sincetheywereinfactnormal.
C. diagnosedwithschizophreniainitiallybutneverhospitalized.
D. diagnosed with schizophrenia initially, hospitalized, but then released after testing
revealed that they were normal.
A
Snyder and Swann (1984) gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits, and found that people often tested for a trait by
A. askingthosebeingtestedforageneralself-evaluation. B. lookingforinformationthatwouldcontradictit.
C. lookingforinformationthatwouldconfirmit.
D. asking very specific questions to disprove it.
C
April is going out on a first date with Nikos, whom her best friend says is funny and fun-loving. On the date April asks Nikos, "What is the most fun-loving thing you've ever done?" What is the likely effect of such questioning on Nikos?
A. Hewillactmorefun-lovingonthedatethanifnotaskedsuchquestions. B. Hewillactmorereservedandshythanifnotaskedsuchquestions.
C. Hewillresentsuchquestionsandbecomeannoyed.
D. He will try to explain that there are times when he is not fun-loving.
A
Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait, they tend to ask questions that show evidence of
A. self-confirmingdiagnoses. B. theillusionofcontrol.
C. negativeattributionalstyles. D. illusory correlations.
A
According to Renaud and Estess (1961), therapists who expect to find evidence of early childhood traumas are likely to uncover such experiences among
A. clientswhoaremales.
B. clientswhoarerealvictimsofchildhoodsexabuse. C. clientswhoarehealthy,successfuladults.
D. allclients.
C
When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the statistical prediction, _______ were more likely to value intuition.
A. clinical psychologists
B. developmentalpsychologists C. socialpsychologists
D. educational psychologists
...
When researchers pit statistical prediction—such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores—against interviewers' intuitive prediction,
A. statisticalpredictionisusuallysuperiortoexpertintuition. B. expertintuitionisusuallysuperiortostatisticalintuition. C. statisticalpredictionandexpertintuitiondoequallywell. D. both methods usually fare no better than chance.
A
Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on
A. statistics.
B. thejudgmentsoftrainedadmissionsofficers.
C. statisticsplusthejudgmentsoftrainedadmissionsofficers. D. lettersofrecommendation
A
Myers suggests that we avoid self-confirming diagnoses by
A. looking for illusory correlations.
B. carefullymonitoringtheinformationthatisconsistentwithourideas. C. consideringopposingideasandthentestingthem.
D. discarding opposing ideas that have not been tested.
C
Myers points out that hindsight can
A. leadyoutofeeloverconfident.
B. leadyoutojudgeyourselftooharshlyfornothavingforeseenoutcomes. C. leadtobothoverconfidenceandthetendencytojudgeyourselftooharshly. D. be very helpful in developing hypotheses about personality traits.
C
According to the text, professional clinicians are NOT LIKELY to
A. bethevictimsofillusorycorrelation. B. sufferfromconfirmationbias.
C. consideropposingideasandtestthem. D. overestimate their clinical intuition.
C
Some physicians have/use _____ that help them take credit when things go well but not take blame for failure.
A. self-servingbias
B. illusorycorrelations C. hindsight
D. intuition
A
Alloy and Abramson (1979) had depressed and nondepressed students observe whether pressing a button was linked with a light blinking and found that depressed students
A. weretooself-focusedtocompletethetask.
B. werequiteaccurateatassessingtheircontrol.
C. exaggeratedtheextentoftheircontrolofthelight.
D. underestimatedtheextentoftheircontrolofthelight.
b
The work of Alloy and Abramson (1979) examined how depressed individuals view the extent of their personal control over events. Their results provided evidence of the phenomenon known as
A. optimistic well-being.
B. pessimisticexaggeration. C. depressiverealism.
D. learned helplessness.
C
The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments is referred to as
A. theaccurateexplanatorystyle. B. theBarnumeffect.
C. realisticpessimism.
D. depressiverealism.
D
Yvonne, a college senior, is mildly depressed. Asked to describe herself, she notes both her positive and negative qualities. She recalls both past successes and failures and takes personal responsibility for both. Yvonne clearly illustrates the _______ effect.
A. rose-colored-glasses
B. sadder-but-wiser
C. head-in-the-clouds
D. feet-on-the-ground
B
Vanessa is a mildly depressed college student. Considering the research findings presented in the text on depression, she probably
A. suffersfromthebetter-than-averagephenomenon.
B. assumesthatherbehavioriswellacceptedbyothers.
C. demonstratesthesadder-but-wisereffect.
D. isbelowaverageinintelligence
C
Compared to depressed people, nondepressed people
A. exaggeratetheircontrolofeventsaroundthem.
B. haverealisticperceptionsofthegoodandbadthingsthatthefutureholds.
C. readilyacceptresponsibilityforbothsuccessesandfailures.
D. describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.
A
Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people
A. exaggeratetheircontrolofeventsaroundthem.
B. haverealisticperceptionsofthegoodandbadthingsthatthefutureholds.
C. readilyacceptresponsibilityforbothsuccessesandfailures.
D. describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.
...
"Explanatory style" refers to
A. thecomplexityofone'spersuasivearguments.
B. one'shabitualwayofexplaininglifeevents.
C. thepitchandspeedwithwhichonecommunicates.
D. whether one relies primarily on reason or emotion when debating an issue.
B
Explaining failures and setbacks in terms of factors that are stable, global, and internal is a _______ explanatory style.
A. negative
B. positive
C. realistic
D. repressive
A
Who is more likely to exhibit a negative explanatory style?
A. a teenager
B. anondepressedperson
C. anelderlyperson
D. a depressed person
D
Maxwell, a college junior, suffers from chronic depression. After learning that he has performed poorly on his chemistry test, he is most likely to say,
A. "ThetestwasnotafairassessmentofwhatIactuallyknow."
B. "Mychemistryprofessordoesnotgradehistestsfairly."
C. "I'mincompetentandprobablyalwayswillbe."
D. "I am sure most people did poorly on the test."
C
Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or a setback illustrates the global quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?
A. "It'smyfault."
B. "It'sgoingtolastforever."
C. "It'sgoingtoaffecteverythingIdo." D. "It's the same with everybody."
C
Which of the following best illustrates an internal attribution for a failure or setback?
A. "I'll never succeed."
B. "Thisruinseverything."
C. "It'smyfault."
D. "The whole world is against me."
C
Which statement is NOT true?
A. Moodsmodifymemories.
B. Depressedmoodscausenegativethinking.
C. Whenwefeelhappy,wethinkhappy
D. Depressed moods don't affect behavior.
D
Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or setback illustrates the stable quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?
A. "It'sallmyfault."
B. "It'sgoingtolastforever."
C. "Thewholeworldisagainstme."
D. "It's going to affect everything I do."
b
Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are
A. external.
B. specific. C. internal.
D. situational.
c
Strack and Coyne (1983) found that depressed people were realistic in thinking that other people
A. possessedmoreaccurateself-conceptsthantheydid.
B. didnotappreciatetheirbehaviorandpessimism.
C. wouldwelcometheirfriendshipandtrust.
D. were less influenced by fear of social disapproval than they were.
b
College students who have depressed roommates tend to become
A. somewhatdepressedthemselves.
B. moreacceptingofpeoplesufferingfrompsychologicaldisorders. C. moreoptimisticabouttheirownlives.
D. more studious and committed to achieving academic success.
a
Your roommate Joel is depressed. As a result, you will tend to become
A. somewhat depressed yourself.
B. moreacceptingofpeoplesufferingfrompsychologicaldisorders. C. moreoptimisticaboutyourownlife.
D. more studious and committed to achieving academic success.
a
When faced with a difficult situation, short-term depression protects us by
A. slowingusup.
B. redirectingourenergy. C. reassessingthesituation. D. Alloftheabove
d
The vicious circle of depression is usually triggered by negative experiences that lead directly to
A. self-focusedruminationandself-blame.
B. depressed moods.
C. furthernegativeexperiences.
D. blaming others for the negative experiences.
A
According to Lewinsohn and his colleagues (1985), which of the following does NOT belong in the vicious circle of depression?
A. negativeexperiences
B. self-blame
C. depressed mood
D. defensive pessimism
d
Beginning in adolescence, _____ is/are twice as likely to be at risk of depression as _____.
A. men; women
B. women; men
C. Thereisnodifferencebetweenmenandwomen.
D. the first born child; the second born child
B
Which of the following explains the relationship between depression and negative thinking?
A. Depressedmoodsdonotcausenegativethinking.
B. Negativethinkingalwayscausesdepressedmoods.
C. Depressionandnegativethinkingareunrelatedinlaboratoryexperiments.
D. Depressed moods can cause negative thinking and negative thinking can cause
depressed moods.
d
According to Seligman (2002), near-epidemic levels of depression in America today, ironically, can be blamed in part on the promotion of attitudes that say,
A. "Everybody needs somebody sometime."
B. "Youcanmakeitonyourown."
C. "You'renobodyifnobodylovesyou."
D. "Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die."
B
According to Seligman's (2002) analysis of the attitudes that promote near-epidemic levels of depression in America, most of us feel that, if we do not "make it" in today's world, we can blame
A. ourparents.
B. thegovernment.
C. thealienationofthemodernworld. D. only ourselves.
d
In comparison to those in Western cultures, depressed people in Japan are more likely to report feeling
A. guilt and self-blame over personal failure.
B. shameoverlettingdowntheirfamilyorco-workers.
C. sadaboutsocialproblemssuchaspovertyanddiscrimination. D. hopelessandhelpless.
b
Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the components of a pessimistic explanatory style?
A. "This is all my fault."
B. "I'velearnedmylesson."
C. "Thisisgoingtoruineverything."
D. "Things are going to be terrible from now on."
b
Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you
A. arealonemostofthetime.
B. havelostasignificantrelationship.
C. havefewernumerousormeaningfulsocialrelationshipsthanyoudesire. D. are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.
c
Larsen and her colleagues (1982) found that when beeped by an electronic pager at various times during a one-week period and asked to record what they were doing and how they felt, _______ were most likely to report feeling lonely when alone.
A. adolescents B. adults
C. women
D. men
A
Which statement is true in relationship to loneliness?
A. Inmoderncultures,closesocialrelationshipsaremorenumerous. B. Babyboomersarelesslonelythanearliergenerations.
C. Babyboomersarelonelierthanearliergenerations.
D. After divorce, women tend to feel lonelier than men.
C
Chronically lonely people seem to have the same _______ as chronically depressed people.
A. unrealisticvisionofthefuture B. needtoachieveperfection
C. illusionofcontrol
D. negative explanatory style
D
Chronically lonely people tend to blame _______ for their poor social relationships.
A. theirparentsandearlychildhoodexperiences
B. theuncaringattitudesofthosepresentlyaroundthem C. themselves
D. cultural patterns
c
According to Dill and Anderson (1998), the primary cause-effect directions for the interplay of chronic shyness are
A. shynesstoloneliness. B. depressiontoshyness. C. depressiontoloneliness. D. loneliness to shyness.
...
According to the self-presentation theory, we will feel social anxiety when we are
A. motivatedtoimpressothersbuthaveself-doubts.
B. motivatedandabletoimpressothers,buttheyignoreus. C. inanycircumstanceinwhichwecanbeobserved.
D. depressed.
a
Which of the following theories most clearly predicts that we will feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so?
A. sociallearningtheory
B. self-presentationtheory
C. self-perceptiontheory
D. cognitivedissonancetheory
b
According to the text, shyness is a form of _______ characterized by self- consciousness and worrying about what others think.
A. loneliness
B. socialanxiety
C. depression
D. socialincompetence
b
Shy people tend to
A. make a good first impression.
B. depersonalize social situations. C. becomelesswell-likedovertime. D. be self-conscious.
d
For most people, the tendency to be cautious and self-protective in some social situations can result in all of the following EXCEPT
A. talkingless.
B. avoidingsometopicswedon'tknowabout.
C. beingguardedaboutourselves.
D. beingassertive.
d
Shy, anxious people tend to
A. overpersonalizesituations.
B. underestimateothers'reactions. C. not be self-conscious.
D. put themselves in social situations.
a
Brodt and Zimbardo (1981) found that shy women who were bombarded with loud noise and told that it would leave them _______ were subsequently _______ when interacting with a handsome male.
A. with a pounding heart; no longer so shy
B. unaffected;nolongersoshy
C. withapoundingheart;evenmoreshy
D. unaffected;unaffected
a
Brodt and Zimbardo (1981) found that shy women were no longer shy when they
A. wereprovidedanalternativeexplanationfortheirsocialanxiety.
B. wereprovidedalcoholbeforeinteractingwithothers.
C. discoveredthatmostpeoplefeelshy.
D. were taught to blame their failures on circumstances beyond their control.
a
Which of the following is an interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge about health and disease?
A. healthpsychology
B. behavioralmedicine
C. appliedpsychology
D. clinical psychology
b
Psychology's contribution to the interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine is
A. clinical psychology.
B. psychiatry.
C. behavioralanalysis.
D. health psychology.
d
In the industrialized world, at least _____ of all deaths are linked with behaviors that people choose to do, like smoking, drinking, and not exercising.
A. 5percent
B. 25percent
C. 50percent
D. 75 percent
C
Dr. Jones is a psychologist who specializes in the causes and control of stress. Dr. Jones is most likely a(n) _________ psychologist.
A. consumer
B. educational
C. forensic
D. health
D
Knowing that half or more heart attack victims die without seeking medical help can be explained by all of the following EXCEPT
A. wedon'talwayslistentoourbody'ssymptoms.
B. sometimesitishardtoexplainourbody'ssignalthatsomethingiswrong.
C. wearenotalwayssureifoursymptomsareserious.
D. people are afraid to seek medical help.
...
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Peoplemoreoftenseektreatmentiftheybelievetheirsymptomshaveaphysical rather than a psychological cause.
B. Womenaremoreoftensick.
C. Womenaremorelikelythanmentovisitaphysician.
D. Men use fewer prescription and nonprescription drugs.
b
People are more likely to use sunscreen or get an HIV test when the message is
A. framedattractivelyintermsofthepotentialgainindoingso.
B. framednegatively.
C. highlyarousing.
D. framedintermsofsharedgoals.
...
Which is NOT an example of how emotions are linked with illness?
A. Heartdiseasehasbeenlinkedwithacompetitive,anger-pronepersonality.
B. Depressionislinkedwithheartdisease.
C. Stresshormonesenhanceproteinproductionthatcontributestoinflammation. D. Sustained stress does not affect the immune system.
...
Experiments that subject animals to mild but uncontrollable electric shocks have shown that such experiences
A. directlycausediseaseslikecancer.
B. lowerthebody'sresistancetodisease.
C. strengthentheanimals'capacitytodealwithfuturestressors.
D. leadtotheanimalsbecomingmoreaggressiveininteractingwithmembersof
their own species.
...
A growing body of evidence reveals that people who undergo highly stressful experiences become
A. moreresistanttolow-levelillnesseslikecoldsandflu.
B. morevulnerabletodisease.
C. lessself-disclosingandmoresociallyisolated.
D. stronger and more socially skilled than less stressed people.
B
Research has reported that newlywed couples who become angry while discussing problems
A. experiencecatharsisandhavebetterlong-termrelationshipswiththeirspouses.
B. aresubsequentlymoresusceptibletoproblemsofdepressionandloneliness.
C. suffermoreimmunesystemsuppressionthenextday.
D. are more prone to develop colon cancer in the subsequent six months.
...
Maggie wants advice on how to cope with the stress of a new job. She would be best advised to approach her new job with a sense of
A. passiveresignation.
B. ambitionandcompetitiveness. C. urgencyandtime-consciousness.
D. optimism.
D
Peterson and Seligman (1987) analyzed the press quotes of baseball's Hall of Famers and found that those who routinely offered pessimistic explanations for bad events, like losing big games, were more likely to
A. earn lower salaries.
B. experiencedivorce.
C. playaggressively.
D. dieatyoungerages.
D
The _____ style people use to explain bad events makes illness _____ likely.
A. pessimistic; respond to a placebo effect more
B. pessimistic; more
C. pessimistic;less
D. optimistic; more
...
Research investigating the nature of the connection between explanatory style and health has shown that people who routinely use the pessimistic style
A. aremorelikelytoexperienceillness.
B. boostthemoraleofothersviaacontrasteffect.

C. alsotendtobeimpulsiveandresistanttoinfluence.

D. complain more but do not get sick more frequently than optimists.
A?
According to the text, which of the following is a social-psychological principle that can be applied to the treatment of some psychological difficulties?
A. attitudes-follow-behavior
B. wearecognitivethinkers
C. acceptancebreedscompliance D. behavior-follows-attitudes
A
Which of the following is NOT a therapy that utilizes the "attitudes-follow-behavior" principle?
A. assertivenesstraining
B. rational-emotivetherapy C. self-helpgroups
D. psychoanalysis
d
Both assertiveness training and rational-emotive therapy are cited in the text as examples of psychotherapeutic techniques that
A. utilize social support to change behavior.
B. utilizetheattitudes-follow-behaviorprinciple.
C. utilizethebehaviors-follow-attitudesprinciple.
D. use counter-conditioning strategies.
b
Mendonca and Brehm (1983) found that overweight children were more likely to lose weight and keep it off after an eight-week program if they
A. felt responsible for choosing their weight-loss program.
B. wereregularlymonitoredandpenalizedforbreakingrules.
C. werepraisedandrewardedforevenminorweightloss.
D. had been assigned to their "least preferred" treatment program.
a
Having shy or anxious people observe, then rehearse, then try out more assertive behaviors in real situations is called
A. foot-in-the-doortraining. B. rational-emotivetherapy.
C. socialskillstraining.
D. explanatory style therapy
c
A study by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) enticed shy college men to participate in laboratory exercises that would enhance their social competence. The men

A. weretaughtspecificcommunicationskills.
B. tookashortcourseonpositivethinking.
C. deliveredself-laudatoryspeechestostrangers.
D. had several successful conversations with women.
d
Research by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) supported the notion that social skills training can lead shy men to
A. becomedependentontheirtherapist.
B. reducetheirsocialanxiety.
C. concentrateontheirsocialincompetence.
D. become more shy six months after treatment
b
Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) concluded that the success of their social skills training with shy men may have occurred because their program
A. employedskilledcounselorswhotookresponsibilityforinspiringthementofeel confident and competent.
B. includednocounseling,sotheparticipantsmadeinternalattributionsfortheir success.
C. protectedthemenfromhavingtoparticipateinactualconversationsuntiltheyhad first been extensively trained.
D. paved the way for conversational success by providing many external reasons for initiating conversation.
b
Maria's therapist instructed her to monitor her attributions for successes and failures. Maria is probably participating in
A. assertivenesstraining.
B. explanatorystyletherapy.
C. stressreductiontherapy.
D. grouptherapy.
B
The test suggests that the circles of depression, loneliness, and shyness can be broken by all of the following EXCEPT
A. positiveexperiencesthatalterself-perceptions.
B. socialskillstraining.
C. changingnegativethoughtpatterns.
D. believing that they will go away.
D
Improvements achieved through changing thought or behavior patterns are most likely to endure if people
A. redesigntheirbehavioralcontexts.
B. arerequiredtoreportbacktotheirtherapistonaregularbasis.
C. attributesuchchangestofactorsundertheirowncontrol.
D. recognize that success depends on a power beyond themselves.
C
As a result of participating in a program to help her quit smoking, Anne has not had a cigarette for three weeks. She is least likely to return to smoking if she attributes her success in quitting the habit to
A. her own motivation.
B. thetherapistwhohelpedherquit.
C. thesupportofherfriends.
D. theuniquenatureofthetherapeuticprogram.
a
Which is NOT true about the process of therapy?
A. Psychologistsbelievethatsocialinfluenceisnotakeypartoftherapy.
B. Therapistsbeginwithestablishingcredibilityandtrust.
C. Akeycomponentintherapyishelpingclientsthinkdifferently.
D. Change in therapy is best maintained when people attribute their improvement to
internal rather than external factors.
...
John was recently attacked and mugged on a subway. He is less likely to experience long-term stress from the trauma if he
A. forgetsaboutit.
B. talksaboutitwithafriend.
C. seesadoctorimmediately.
D. blocks it from his thoughts.
B
According to research conducted by Cacioppo and Patrick (2008), the relationship between loneliness and health risks is
A. positive. B. negative.
C. neutral.
D. curvilinear
A
A common conclusion reached by several studies involving thousands of people is that
A. closerelationshipspredicthealth.
B. closerelationshipspromotestressandsomeformsofillness.
C. familyrelationshipsareunrelatedtohealth.
D. physical health is not linked to social support.
...
The negative correlation between poverty and health is likely caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT
A. reduced material possessions. B. increasedstress.
C. reducedhealthcare.
D. unhealthy lifestyle.
...
Women who had been sexually abused reported more health problems, especially if they had
A. notseenatherapist.
B. kepttheirabusesecret.
C. notconfrontedtheirabuser
D. confronted their abuser.
b
Which of the following is the best predictor of overall happiness?
A. asatisfyingjob
B. satisfactionwithfinances
C. satisfactionwithone'scommunity D. satisfaction with marriage
d
Which statement is TRUE?
A. Abadmarriageisoftenlessdepressingtoawomanthantoaman.
B. Singlewomenarehappierthanmarriedwomen.
C. Marriedpeoplereportbeinghappierandmoresatisfiedwithlife.
D. Marriage and happiness are not linked.
c
According to the text, marriage enhances happiness for which of the following reasons?
A. Itprovidesregularsextobothpartners.
B. Itprovidesfinancialsecurity.
C. Itprovidesmultipleroles(e.g.,spouse,parent)thatcancontributetoself-esteem. D. It provides companionship.
c
Which is NOT a reason the author states as a research-based reason people are happy?
A. act happy
B. giveyourbodythesleepitwants C. giveprioritytocloserelationships D. work towards "making it"
d
Rosenhan's famous study of diagnosis and treatment in mental hospitals indicated that
A. testsofpersonalityareinexact.
B. clinicianstendedtoreinterpretclientinformationtoconfirmthediagnosisapplied
to that client.
C. statisticalpredictionwasmoreaccuratethanclinicalintuition.
D. early childhood trauma predicted onset of adult schizophrenia.
b
You must select students for graduate study in psychology from a pool of 100 applicants. According to the findings summarized in the text you should
A. arrangeinterviewswithallapplicantsandlistencarefullytotheiranswerstokey questions posed by interviewers.
B. haveeachindividualinterviewedbyatleast3separateinterviewers.
C. baseselectiononstatisticalcriteria,suchasGPAandtestscores.
D. administer a questionnaire that can be objectively interpreted.
...
I tend to explain my failures by blaming them on external events that are beyond my control. This ___ is likely to undermine my overall health and adjustment.
A. mirror-imagethinking B. depressiverealism
C. clinicalintuition
D. explanatory style
d
Given its prevalence, _____ is the common cold of psychological disorders and ____ is the headache.
A. loneliness; depression B. anxiety; shyness
C. shyness;anxiety
D. depression;loneliness
d
The Type A behavior pattern is associated with
A. success in coping with stress.
B. conflictwithTypeBindividuals. C. anincreasedriskofheartdisease. D. overall life satisfaction and coping.
c
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Mildly depressed individuals make more self-serving judgments than do nondepressed individuals.
B. Mildlydepressedpeoplearelessattunedtoothers'feelingsthanarenondepressed people.
C. Comparedtodepressedindividuals,nondepressedindividualsmoreaccurately estimate their control over situations.
D. Mildly depressed individuals make more accurate attributions and predictions than do nondepressed individuals.
d
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Theself-esteemofdepression-proneindividualsisveryvariable;itincreasesmore rapidly with boosts but decreases more rapidly when threatened.
B. Theself-esteemofdepression-pronepeopleismorestaticthaninnondepressed people.
C. Short-termdepressionmayleadtobetterstrategiesfordealingwiththeworld later.
D. Depression primes people to think about and recall negative life events.
...
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Lonelinessissynonymouswithaloneness.
B. Lonelinessistheawarenessthatsocialrelationshipsarelessnumerousor
meaningful than what one desires.
C. Lonelypeopleareatanincreasedriskforhighbloodpressureandheartdisease.
D. Adolescentsexperiencemorelonelinessthanadultsdo.
A
_____ is psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
A. Clinical psychology B. Socialpsychology C. Healthpsychology D. Psychiatry
C
_____ breaks the depression → loneliness → shyness → depression cycle by changing negative thought patterns about oneself and the future.
A. Social skills training
B. Explanatorystyletherapy C. Healthpsychology
D. The placebo effect
b?
Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Thehappiestuniversitystudentsarethosewhohavethemostfriends.
B. Thosewhohavecloserelationshipswithfriendsandkinarelesslikelytodie
prematurely.
C. Sexuallyabusedwomenexperiencemoreheadachesthannon-abusedwomen.
D. People die younger in regions with great income inequality.
...
Julia has been feeling depressed, lonely, and anxious for the last few weeks. Julia would be best served by seeking a
A. social psychologist.
B. clinicalpsychologist.
C. physician.
D. positive psychologist.
...
Clinical judgments are _____ judgments.
A. empirical
B. medical
C. social
D. retrospective
...
Clinical judgments are vulnerable to all of the following EXCEPT
A. illusorycorrelations.
B. thehindsightbias.
C. overconfidence.
D. illusionsofcontrol.
d
Prediction is most accurate when
A. basedonstatisticsalone.
B. basedonclinicalintuitionalon.
C. basedonacombinationofstatisticsandclinicalintuition.
D. based on clinical assessments.
C?
Phyllis is depressed. Her explanatory style is LEAST likely to attribute her failure at getting a new job to a _____ cause.
A. stable
B. global
C. specific
D. internal
c
According to Seligman, what is the cause of the near-epidemic levels of depression in the Western world?
A. illusorycorrelations.
B. self-focusandself-blame.
C. negativeexplanatorystyles. D. lack of exercise.
b
_____ is a form of social anxiety characterized by self-consciousness and worry about what others think.
A. Depression
B. Loneliness
C. Shyness
D. Paranoia
C
Who is LEAST likely to feel anxious?
A. Vanessawhoiseatingbyherselfinalocaldiner.
B. Umawhoisgivingaspeechtoagatheringofherprofessionalpeers. C. Jakewhoisgoingtohisfirstschooldance.
D. Arnold who is having lunch with his boss.
...
Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Womengetsickmoreoftenthanmen.
B. Womentakemoreprescriptionandnonprescriptiondrugsthanmen.
C. Womenreportmoresymptomsthanmen.
D. Women visit doctors more often than men.
a
Susan is seeing a therapist to help overcome her recent bout of depression. At the end of each session her therapist gives her a "homework" assignment to talk and act in ways that will help her generate new emotions. Susan is most likely undergoing
A. behavioraltherapy.
B. rational-emotivetherapy.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. assertiveness training.
b
_____ techniques trigger the most dramatic and immediate behavior changes.
A. Social skills training
B. Explanatorystyletherapy
C. Coercive
D. Psychoanalytic
C
According to research conducted at the University of Minnesota, the most accurate predictions of medical and psychological diagnoses and prognoses came from
A. statistical predictions.
B. clinicalpredictionsbasedoninformationprovidedtothem.
C. clinicalpredictionsbasedonfirsthandclinicalinterviews.
D. There was no difference between clinical predictions and those made from statistics.
...
Dr. Jones believes that when his diagnoses and treatments of patients go well it is because he is a great doctor. If something goes wrong, though, he says it is because the patients were not 100% truthful or a previous doctor made an error. This is an example of
E. beliefperseverance.
F. the self-serving bias.
G. the fundamental attribution error.
H. anillusorycorrelation.
F
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...