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9th Grade Biology Final

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (175)

Observations
The act of attentive watching, perceiving, or noticing
Problem
A question proposed for solution
Hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
Conclusion
a judgment or decision reached by reasoning
Theory
a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something
Data
facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis
Biology
the study of living organisms
Atom
the basic unit of a chemical element
Element
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means
Atomic Structure
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons circle around outside
Isotopes
radioactive form of an element
Compounds
a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements
Structure of Water
H2O
Covalent Bonds
a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
pH
measure of how acidic/basic water is
Acids and Bases
pH less than 7 is acidic
pH higher than 7 is basic
7 is neutral
Monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
Polymer
a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates: monosaccharrides; store energy
Nucleic Acids: nucleotides; store & transmit genetic information
Proteins: amino acids; provide structure, protein channel in cell membrane
Lipids: glycerol head & fatty acid tail; store energy, hormones & vitamins, waterproof coating for plants
Biosphere
the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms
Species
the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring
Population
all the inhabitants of a particular area that are the same species
Community
a group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat
Ecosystem
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
Biome
regions of the world with similar climate (weather, temperature) animals and plants
Producers
organisms that make their own food, also known as autotrophs
Autotrophs
organisms that make their own food, also known as producers
Consumers
organisms of an ecological food chain which receive energy by consuming other organisms
Heterotrophs
an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances
Decomposers
breakdown particles in the ground to obtain energy
Food Chains
a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
Food Webs
a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains
Trophic Levels
each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem
Energy Flow
the flow of energy through a food chain
Biomass
the amount of living or organic matter present in an organism
Ecological Pyramids
a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem
Biomass Pyramid
A graphical representation to show the relative amounts of biomass at each trophic level
Energy Pyramid
a graphical model of energy flow in a community, 10% of energy is passed each time the trophic level goes up
Pyramid of Numbers
shows the numbers of animals found in an area at ascending trophic levels of a food chain
Nutrients
substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life
Water Cycle
evaporation & transpiration
condensation
precipitation
runoff
groundwater
Carbon Cycle
the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment
Nitrogen Cycle
the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition
Krebs Cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP
Abiotic Factors
non-living parts of the environment
Biotic Factors
a living thing that influences or affects an ecosystem
Immigration
Moving into a place, especially somewhere that you are not originally from
Emigration
leaving one's resident country with the intent to settle elsewhere
Death Rate
the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a particular period of time
Ecological Succession
the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time
Competition
an interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another
Predation
the preying of one animal on others
Mutualism
symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved
Commenalism
one is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed
Parasitism
one is benefited and the other is harmed
Climate
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, new cells arise from pre-existing cells
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
prokaryote has no nucleus, eukaryote has at least one nucleus
Nucleus
a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material
Ribosomes
consists of RNA and proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
Mitochondria
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells where respiration and energy production occur
Cell Membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, filters materials in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm
the material within a living cell, excluding the nucleus, that holds organelles in place
Vacuole
storage space in cells
Golgi Apparatus
vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells
Lysosomes
organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell studded with ribosomes and involved in the transport of materials
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface that is involved in the transport of materials
Microtubules
a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells
Microfilaments
a small rodlike structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells
Chloroplasts
an organelle that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place, only in plant cells
Cell Wall
a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria
Passive Transport
a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input
Diffusion
movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
Active Transport
the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor, energy is required
Osmosis
the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane; goes from lower concentration to higher concentration
ATP
also known as adenosine triphosphate, ATP is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy
ATP Structure
How is energy stored and released from ATP?
one of the phosphate groups breaks off to produce energy for the cell to use to drive reactions or pathway
Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ---(light energy)---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide & Water ---(light energy)---> Glucose & Oxygen
Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 ------> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glucose & Oxygen ------> Carbon Dioxide & Water & ATP
Phases of the Cell Cycle
G1, S, G2, M
G1
the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for the next stages
S Phase
DNA is replicated
G2
cell growth and cell differentiation occurs
M
the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells
Chromosome
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carries genetic information in the form of genes
Phases of Mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Prophase
the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible
Metaphase
the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers
Anaphase
the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle
Telophase
the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed
What is Cancer?
a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body
Chromatid
each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division
Gregor Mendel
experimented with pea plants
Pea Plants
Gregor Mendel cross-pollinated pea plants to see what would happen to their offspring
Mendel's Conclusion
1. the inheritance of each trait is determined by genes that are passed on to descendents unchanged
2. an individual inherits one gene from each parent for each trait
3. a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation
P Generation
parent generation
F1 and F2 Generations
first and second filial generations
Genes
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Crossing Over
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction
Dihybrid Cross
cross between two different lines (strains) that differ in two traits
Gamete
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
Zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes
Homozygous Dominant
an organism is homozygous dominant if it carries two copies of the same dominant allele
Homozygous Recessive
an organism is homozygous recessive if it carries two copies of the same recessive allele.
Heterozygous
an organism has two different alleles of a gene
Principle of Dominance
a genetic law that states that the offspring of individuals with contrasting traits will only express the dominant trait
Incomplete Dominance
one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele
Codominance
the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive
Genetics
the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms
Heredity
the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Probability
the measure of the chance that the event will occur as a result of an experiment
Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
Genotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism
Meiosis
process that is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It carries genetic information
DNA Structure
double-helix with nitrogenous bases and a sugar phosphate backbone
RNA
an important molecule with long chains of nucleotides
Nucleotide structure
Base Pair Rules
adenine & thymine, cytosine & guanine
James Watson & Francis Crick
solved the structure of DNA
Nitrogenous Base
a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base
Replication
The process by which genetic material, a single-celled organism, or a virus reproduces or makes a copy of itself
Transcription
the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins
Codons
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
3 Types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
Mutations
the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
Charles Darwin
developed and proposed the theory of evolution, which has had far-reaching affects on science and the way we understand life
James Hutton
geologist, chemist, naturalist, and originator of one of the fundamental principles of geology—uniformitarianism, which explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural processes over geologic time
Charles Lyell
argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time
Inheritance
The acquisition of traits genetically transmitted from parents to offspring
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits
Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands
Charles Darwin discovered several species of finches that varied from island to island, which helped him to develop his theory of natural selection
Natural Selection
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring (also known as survival of the fittest)
Fitness
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its enviornment
Adaptation
a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection
Gene Pool
the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population
Genetic Variation
a biological system - individual and population - is different over space
Common Descent
a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor
Fossil Record
the total number of fossils that have been discovered and the information derived from them
Artificial Selection
the intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits
Homologous Structures
when very different animals have bones that appear very similar in form or function and seem to be related
Vestigial Organs
A rudimentary structure in humans corresponding to a functional structure or organ in ancestral animals
Speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
Polygenic Traits
controlled by two or more genes on different chromosomes
Genetic Drift
variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population
Genetic Equilibrium
the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool where the frequency does not change from generation to generation
Classification
the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics
Binomial Nomenclature
the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the species
System of Classification
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
Taxonomy
the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics
Domains
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Structure of a Virus
Gram Staining
distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by coloring these cells red or violet
Human Body Tissues
muscle, epithelial, connective and nervous
11 Organ Systems
skeletal, muscular, urinary, nervous, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, integumentary, lymphatic
Cell
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
Tissues
any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made
Organ
a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function
Organ System
a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Homeostasis
remaining a stable internal environment
Nervous System
the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body
Skeletal System
The framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs
Muscular System
permits movement of the body, maintains posture
Integumentary System
protects the body from various kinds of damage
Circulatory System
the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands
Respiratory System
the set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body
Digestive System
begins with the mouth and extends through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, ending with the rectum and anus
Excretory System
removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism
Endocrine System
the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs
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