9th Grade Biology Final

Terms in this set (175)

The act of attentive watching, perceiving, or noticing

A question proposed for solution

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

a judgment or decision reached by reasoning

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something

facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

the study of living organisms

the basic unit of a chemical element

A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means

Atomic Structure

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons circle around outside

radioactive form of an element

a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements

Structure of Water

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

measure of how acidic/basic water is

Acids and Bases

pH less than 7 is acidic
pH higher than 7 is basic
7 is neutral

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits

Carbohydrates: monosaccharrides; store energy
Nucleic Acids: nucleotides; store & transmit genetic information
Proteins: amino acids; provide structure, protein channel in cell membrane
Lipids: glycerol head & fatty acid tail; store energy, hormones & vitamins, waterproof coating for plants

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms

the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring

all the inhabitants of a particular area that are the same species

a group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

regions of the world with similar climate (weather, temperature) animals and plants

organisms that make their own food, also known as autotrophs

organisms that make their own food, also known as producers

organisms of an ecological food chain which receive energy by consuming other organisms

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances

breakdown particles in the ground to obtain energy

a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains

each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem

the flow of energy through a food chain

the amount of living or organic matter present in an organism

Ecological Pyramids

a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem

Biomass Pyramid

A graphical representation to show the relative amounts of biomass at each trophic level

a graphical model of energy flow in a community, 10% of energy is passed each time the trophic level goes up

Pyramid of Numbers

shows the numbers of animals found in an area at ascending trophic levels of a food chain

substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life

evaporation & transpiration
condensation
precipitation
runoff
groundwater

the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment

the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP

Abiotic Factors

non-living parts of the environment

a living thing that influences or affects an ecosystem

Moving into a place, especially somewhere that you are not originally from

leaving one's resident country with the intent to settle elsewhere

the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a particular period of time

Ecological Succession

the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time

an interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another

the preying of one animal on others

symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved

one is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

one is benefited and the other is harmed

the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period

All living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, new cells arise from pre-existing cells

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

prokaryote has no nucleus, eukaryote has at least one nucleus

a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material

consists of RNA and proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells where respiration and energy production occur

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, filters materials in and out of the cell

the material within a living cell, excluding the nucleus, that holds organelles in place

storage space in cells

Golgi Apparatus

vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells

organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell studded with ribosomes and involved in the transport of materials

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface that is involved in the transport of materials

a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells

a small rodlike structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells

an organelle that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place, only in plant cells

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria

Passive Transport

a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input

movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

Active Transport

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor, energy is required

the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane; goes from lower concentration to higher concentration

also known as adenosine triphosphate, ATP is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy

How is energy stored and released from ATP?

one of the phosphate groups breaks off to produce energy for the cell to use to drive reactions or pathway

Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ---(light energy)---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide & Water ---(light energy)---> Glucose & Oxygen

Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 ------> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glucose & Oxygen ------> Carbon Dioxide & Water & ATP

Phases of the Cell Cycle

the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for the next stages

DNA is replicated

cell growth and cell differentiation occurs

the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carries genetic information in the form of genes

Phases of Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible

the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers

the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle

the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

What is Cancer?

a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body

each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division

experimented with pea plants

Gregor Mendel cross-pollinated pea plants to see what would happen to their offspring

Mendel's Conclusion

1. the inheritance of each trait is determined by genes that are passed on to descendents unchanged
2. an individual inherits one gene from each parent for each trait
3. a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation

parent generation

F1 and F2 Generations

first and second filial generations

a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction

cross between two different lines (strains) that differ in two traits

a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

Homozygous Dominant

an organism is homozygous dominant if it carries two copies of the same dominant allele

Homozygous Recessive

an organism is homozygous recessive if it carries two copies of the same recessive allele.

an organism has two different alleles of a gene

Principle of Dominance

a genetic law that states that the offspring of individuals with contrasting traits will only express the dominant trait

Incomplete Dominance

one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele

the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive

the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms

the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

the measure of the chance that the event will occur as a result of an experiment

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

process that is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It carries genetic information

double-helix with nitrogenous bases and a sugar phosphate backbone

an important molecule with long chains of nucleotides

Nucleotide structure

Base Pair Rules

adenine & thymine, cytosine & guanine

James Watson & Francis Crick

solved the structure of DNA

Nitrogenous Base

a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base

The process by which genetic material, a single-celled organism, or a virus reproduces or makes a copy of itself

the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

developed and proposed the theory of evolution, which has had far-reaching affects on science and the way we understand life

geologist, chemist, naturalist, and originator of one of the fundamental principles of geology—uniformitarianism, which explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural processes over geologic time

argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time

The acquisition of traits genetically transmitted from parents to offspring

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits

Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands

Charles Darwin discovered several species of finches that varied from island to island, which helped him to develop his theory of natural selection

Natural Selection

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring (also known as survival of the fittest)

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its enviornment

a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

Genetic Variation

a biological system - individual and population - is different over space

a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor

the total number of fossils that have been discovered and the information derived from them

Artificial Selection

the intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits

Homologous Structures

when very different animals have bones that appear very similar in form or function and seem to be related

Vestigial Organs

A rudimentary structure in humans corresponding to a functional structure or organ in ancestral animals

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Polygenic Traits

controlled by two or more genes on different chromosomes

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population

Genetic Equilibrium

the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool where the frequency does not change from generation to generation

the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics

Binomial Nomenclature

the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the species

System of Classification

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Structure of a Virus

distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by coloring these cells red or violet

Human Body Tissues

muscle, epithelial, connective and nervous

11 Organ Systems

skeletal, muscular, urinary, nervous, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, integumentary, lymphatic

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made

a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function

a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

remaining a stable internal environment

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body

Skeletal System

The framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs

Muscular System

permits movement of the body, maintains posture

Integumentary System

protects the body from various kinds of damage

Circulatory System

the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands

Respiratory System

the set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

Digestive System

begins with the mouth and extends through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, ending with the rectum and anus

Excretory System

removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism

Endocrine System

the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs

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