GI Key Terms

achalasia
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Terms in this set (81)
achalasia
absence of peristalsis of the lower esophagus resulting in difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and sometimes pain
amylase
an enzyme that aids in the digestion of starch
chyme
mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as the food passes through the mouth, esophagus and stomach
dyspepsia
indigestion; upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating
fibroscopy
intubation of a part of the GI system with a flexible, lighted tube to assist in diagnosis and treatment of disease of that area
HCL
acid secreted by the glands in the stomach; mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria
intrinsic factor
a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed
lipase
enzyme that aids in digestion of fats
pepsin
gastric enzyme thats important in protein digestion
trypsin
enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein
dysphagiadifficulty swallowingdysplasiaabnormal changes in cellsesophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)passage of a fiberoptic tube through the mouth and throat into the digestive tract for visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine; biopsies can be performedlithotripsyuse of shockwaves to break up or disintegrate stonesodynophagiapain on swallowingparotitisinflammation of the parotid glandperiapical abscessabscessed toothpyrosisheartburnsialadenitisinflammation of the salivary glandsstomatitisinflammation of the oral mucosatemporomandibular disordersa group of conditions that cause pain or dysfunction of the TMJ and surrounding areasdumping/vagotomy syndromephysiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the jejunum, manifested by n/v, sweating, palpitations, syncope, and possibly diarrhea; occurs in patients who have had partial gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomyenteroclysisxerostomiafluoroscopic xray of the small intestine; a tube is placed form the nose or mouth through the esophaguscentral venous access device (CVAD)a device designed and used for long-term administration of medications and fluids into central veinscyclic feedingperiodic infusion of feedings given over a short period (8-18hrs)decompression (intestinal)remocal of gastric or intestinal contents to prevent gas and fluid distentionduodenumthe first part of the small intestine, which arises from the pylorus of the stomach and extends to the jejunumenteral nurtitionnutritional formula feedings introduced through a tube directly into the gi tractgastrostomysurgical creation of an opening into the stomach for the purpose of administering foods and fluidsintravenous fat emulsion (IVFE)an oil-in-water emulsion of oils, egg phospholipids, and glycerinjejunumsecond portion of the small intestine, which extends from the duodenum to the ileumlavageflushing of the stomach with water or other fluids with a gastric tube to clear itlumethe channel within a tube or catheternasoenteric tubetube beyond the pylorus into the small intestinenasojejunal tubetube into the second portion of the small intestineNG tubeto stomachorogastric tubemouth to stomach tubeosmolatityionic concentration of fluidparenteral nutritionmethod of supplying nutrients to the body by an intravenous routepercutaneous endoscopic gastronomy (PEG)a feeding tube inserted endoscopically into the stomachperipherally inserted central catheterdevice for intermediate-term intravenous therapyradiopaquecan be easily localized on xraystomaartifically created opening between a body cavity and the body surfacetotal nutrient admixture (TNA)an admixture of lipid emulsions, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, vitamins, trace minerals, and waterachlorhydrialack of GCL in digestive secretionsantrectomyremoval of the plyloric (antrum) portion of the stomach with anastomosis (surgical connection) to the duodenum (gastroduodenostomy or Billroth I) or anastomosis to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy or Billroth II)bariatricrelating to obesity; term derives from Greek weight and treatmentHelicobacter pyloria spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa; is involved in most cases of peptic ulcer diseasehematemesisvomiting bloodhistamin-2 (H2) receptor antagonista pharmacologic agent that inhibits histmine action at the H2 receptors of the stomach, resulting in inhibition of gastric acid secretionligament of Treitzsuspensory ligament of the duodenum; important anatomic landmark used to divide the GI tract into an upper and lower portionmelenatarry or black stools; indicative of blood in stoolsmorbid obestiymore than twice ideal body weigh; 100 lbs+ over ideal body weight, or body mass index exceeding 30kg/m2omentumfold of the peritoneum that surrounds the stomach and other organs of the abdomenperitoneumthin membrane that lines the inside of the wall of the abdomen and covers all the abdominal orgasPPIpharmacologic agents that block acid secretion by irreversibly vinding to and inhibiting the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells; most potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretionpyloroplastysurgical procedure to increase the opening of the pyloric orificepylorusopening between the stomach and the duodenumpyrosisheratburnserosathin membrane that covers the outer surface of the stomach; visceral peritoneum covering the outer surface of the stomachstenosisnarrowing or tightening of an opening or passage in the bodyabscesslocalized collection of purulent material surrounded by inflamed tissues, typically associated with signs of infectionborborygmusrumbling noise caused by the movement of gas through the intestinesdiverticulitisinflammation of the diverticulum from obstruction (by fecal matter), resulting in abscess formationdiverticulosispresence of several diverticula in the intestine; common in middle agediverticulumsaclike outpouching of the lining of the bowel protruding through the muscle of the intestinal wall, usually caused by high intraluminal pressurefissurenormal or abnormal fold, groove, or crack in the body tissuefistulaanatomically abnormal tract that arises between two internal organs or between an internal organ and the body surfacehemorrhoidsdilated portions of the anal veins; can occur internal or external to the anal sphincterileostomysurgical opening into the ileum by means of a stoma to allow drainageIBDgroup of chronic disorders (most common Chron's and ulcerative colitis) that result in inflammation or ulceration of the bowel lining; associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight lossirritable bowel syndromefuncitonal disorder that affects frequency of defecation and consistency of stool; is associated with no specific structural or biochemical alterations; associated with crampy andominal pain and bloatingKock puchtype of continet ileal reservoir created surgically by making an internal pouch with a portion of the ileum and placing a nipple valve flush with the stomaperitonitisinflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of a bacterial infection of an area in the GI tract with leakage of contents into the abdominal cavitysteatorrheaexcess of fatty wastes in the feces or the urintenesmusineffective and sometimes painful straining to eliminate either feces or urinehalitosisbad breathodynophagiapainful swallowling, eattingpyrosisheartburndyspepsiaindigestion/heartburnmelenatarry feces