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chapter 13 history

Terms in this set (57)

The shapes of human communities
A. In 1500, the world still had all types of societies, from bands of gatherers and hunters to empires, but the balance between them was different than it had been in 500.
paleolithic persistence
Paleolithic Persistence
1. gathering and hunting societies (Paleolithic peoples) still existed throughout all of Australia, much of Siberia, the arctic coastlands,
and parts of Africa and the Americas
2. they had changed over time, interacted with their neighbors
example of australian gatheres and hunters
3. example of Australian gatherers and hunters
a. some 250 separate groups
b. had assimilated outside technologies and ideas, e.g., outrigger canoes, fish hooks, netting techniques, artistic styles, rituals, mythological concepts
c. had not adopted agriculture
d. manipulated their environment through "firestick farming"
e. exchanged goods over hundreds of miles
f. developed sophisticated sculpture and rock painting
paleolithic northwest coast of north america
4. northwest coast of North America developed very differently
a. abundant environment allowed development of a complex gathering and hunting culture
b. had permanent villages, economic specialization, hierarchies,chiefdoms, food storage
5. elsewhere, farming had advanced and absorbed Paleolithic lands
agricultural village socitieies
C. Agricultural Village Societies
1. predominated in much of North America, in Africa south of the equator, in parts of the Amazon River basin and Southeast Asia
2. their societies mostly avoided oppressive authority, class inequalities, and seclusion of women typical of other civilizations
forested region in present day southern nigeria
3. example of forested region in present-day southern Nigeria, where three different political patterns developed
a. Yoruba people created city-states, each ruled by a king (oba), many of whom were women and who performed both religious and political functions
b. kingdom of Benin: centralized territorial state ruled by a warrior king named Ewuare
c. Igbo peoples: dense population and trade, but purposely rejected kingship and state building
i. relied on other institutions to maintain social cohesion
ii. system was made famous in Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart
d. Yoruba, Benin, and Igbo peoples traded among themselves and beyond
e. the region shared common artistic traditions
f. all shifted from matrilineal to patrilineal system
central new york state agric village socieities
4. in what is now central New York State, agricultural village societies
underwent substantial change in the centuries before 1500
a. Iroquois speakers had become fully agricultural (maize and beans) by around 1300
b. population growth, emergence of distinct peoples
c. rise of warfare as key to male prestige (perhaps since women did the farming, so males were no longer needed for getting food)
iroguois confederation
d. warfare triggered the creation of the Iroquois confederation
i. five Iroquois peoples made an agreement (the Great Law of Peace)
ii. a confederation council was created to adjudicate disputes
iii. the Iroquois League of Five Nations ended blood feuds and tribal conflicts; coordinated Iroquois relations with outsiders
euro colonists and iroquois values
e. some European colonists appreciated Iroquois values of social equality and personal freedom (even for women)
i. descent was matrilineal
ii. married couples lived with the wife's family
iii. women controlled agriculture
iv. women selected and could depose officeholders
timur
1. Turkic warrior Timur (Tamerlane) tried to restore the Mongol Empire ca. 1400
a. his army devastated Russia, Persia, and India
b. Timur died in 1405, while preparing invasion of China
c. his successors kept control of the area between Persia and Afghanistan for a century
d. Timur's conquest was the last great military success of Central Asian nomads
stepppe nomads homeland
2. in the following centuries, the steppe nomads' homeland was swallowed up in expanding Russian and Chinese empires
african pastorials herd people
3. African pastoralists remained independent from established empires for several centuries longer (until late nineteenth century)
fulbe
4. example of the Fulbe (West Africa's largest pastoral society)
a. gradual eastward migration after 1000 c.e.
b. usually lived in small communities among agriculturalists
c. gradually adopted Islam
d. some moved to towns and became noted religious leaders
e. series of jihads in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created new states ruled by the Fulbe
ming dynasty recovery
B. Ming Dynasty China
1. China had been badly disrupted by Mongol rule and the plague
2. recovery under the Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
a. effort to eliminate all signs of foreign rule
b. promotion of Confucian learning
c. Emperor Yongle (r. 1402-1422) sponsored an 11,000-volume Encyclopedia summarizing all the wisdom of the past
3. reestablished the civil service examination system
highly centralized government - ming china
4. created a highly centralized government
a. great power was given to court eunuchs
b. state restored land to cultivation, constructed waterworks, planted perhaps a billion trees
c. was perhaps the best-governed and most prosperous civilization of the fifteenth century
maritime ventures
5. maritime ventures
a. Chinese sailors and traders had become important in the South China Sea and in Southeast Asian ports in the eleventh century
emperor yongle
b. Emperor Yongle commissioned a massive fleet; launched in 1405
i. twenty-eight years of maritime expeditions
ii. Admiral Zheng He tried to enroll distant peoples in the Chinese tribute system
iii. dozens of rulers took part
iv. no intention of conquering new territories, establishing Chinese settlements, or spreading culture
chinese government abruptly stopped the voayages
c. Chinese government abruptly stopped the voyages in 1433
i. many had regarded them as waste of resources
ii. and saw voyages as project of hated court eunuchs
chinese merchants and craftsmen
d. Chinese merchants and craftsmen continued to settle and trade in Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia,but without government support
western europe
C. European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal
1. a similar process of demographic recovery, consolidation, cultural flowering, and European expansion took place in Western Europe
2. European population began to rise again ca. 1450
3. state building, but fragmented, with many independent and competitive states
a. much of state building was driven by the needs of war, e.g., England and France in the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
the renaissance
4. the Renaissance: reclamation of classical Greek traditions
a. began in the commercial cities of Italy ca. 1350-1500
b. "returning to the sources" as a cultural standard to imitate
c. turn to greater naturalism in art (e.g., Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo)
d. "humanist" scholars explored secular topics in addition to religious matters
niccolo machiavelli
i. Niccolò Machiavelli's (1469-1527) The Prince laid out plans for political success
ii. greater interest in the individual and in accurate depiction of the world
iii. challenge to the otherworldliness of Christian culture
maritime voyaging
European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging
1. Portuguese voyages of discovery began in 1415
2. 1492: Columbus reached the Americas
3. 1497-1498: Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to India
unlike china maritime voyaging
4. European voyages were very small compared to Chinese ones
5. unlike the Chinese voyages, Europeans were seeking wealth, converts,allies in Crusades against Islam
6. Europeans used violence to carve out empires
chinese voages ended euro keep going
7. Chinese voyages ended; European ones kept escalating
a. no overarching political authority in Europe to end the voyages
b. rivalry between states encouraged more exploration
c. much of European elite interested in overseas expansion
d. China had everything it needed; Europeans wanted the greater riches of the East
e. China's food production could expand internally; European system expanded by acquiring new lands
long fragmented isilamic world
A. The long-fragmented Islamic world crystallized into four major states or empires.
1. process of conversion to Islam continued both within and beyond new states
ottoman empire
1. Ottoman Empire lasted from fourteenth to early twentieth century
a. huge territory: Anatolia, eastern Europe, much of Middle East, North African coast, lands around Black Sea
b. sultans claimed the title "caliph" and the legacy of the Abbasids
c. effort to bring new unity to the Islamic world
ottoman aggression toward christian lands
2. Ottoman aggression toward Christian lands
a. fall of Constantinople in 1453
b. 1529 siege of Vienna
c. Europeans feared Turkish expansion
safavid empire
3. Safavid Empire emerged in Persia from a Sufi religious order
a. empire was established shortly after 1500
b. imposed Shia Islam as the official religion of the state
sunni ottoman
4. Sunni Ottoman Empire and Shia Safavid Empire fought periodically
between 1534 and 1639
songhay empire
1. Songhay Empire rose in West Africa in the second half of the fifteenth century
a. Islam was limited largely to urban elites
c. Songhay Empire was a major center of Islamic learning/trade
sonni ali
b. Sonni Ali (r. 1465-1492) followed Muslim practices, but was also regarded as a magician with an invisibility charm
c. Songhay Empire was a major center of Islamic learning/trade
mughal empire in india
2. Mughal Empire in India was created by Turkic group that invaded India in 1526
a. over the sixteenth century, Mughals gained control of most of India
b. effort to create a partnership between Hindus and Muslims
c. Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara continued to flourish in the south
second flowering of islam
D. The age of these four great Muslim empires is sometimes called a "second flowering of Islam."
1. new age of energy, prosperity, and cultural brilliance
2. spread of Islam to new areas, such as Southeast Asia
a. spread by traveling merchants, supported by Sufi holy men
malacca
3. rise of Malacca as a sign of the times—became a major Muslim port city in the fifteenth century
a. Malaccan Islam blended with Hindu/Buddhist traditions
b. was a center for Islamic learning
aztec and inca
V. Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas
A. Both the Aztec and the Inca empires were established by once-marginal peoples who took over and absorbed older cultures.
1. both empires were destroyed by the Spaniards and their diseases
aztec emppire
B. The Aztec Empire
1. The Mexica were a seminomadic people who migrated southward from northern Mexico
a. established themselves on an island in Lake Texcoco by 1325
b. built themselves up and established capital city of Tenochtitlán
5. created an important philosophical/poetic tradition focused on the fragility of human life
triple alliance
2. Triple Alliance (1428): Mexica and two other city-states united
a. launched a program of military conquest
b. conquered much of Mesoamerica in under a century
c. Aztec rulers claimed descent from earlier peoples
aztec empire structure
3. Aztec Empire was a loosely structured, unstable conquest state
a. population of 5-6 million
b. conquered peoples paid regular tribute
c. Tenochtitlán had 150,000-200,000 people
i. center for large-scale trade
d. local and long-distance trade on a vast scale
i. professional merchants (pochteca) became rich
aztec trade included slaves
4. trade included slaves, many intended for sacrifice
a. human sacrifice much more prominent in Aztec Empire than in earlier Mesoamerica
tlacaelel
b. Tlacaelel is credited with crystallizing ideology of state giving human sacrifice such importance
i. the sun needs the life-giving force of human blood to help it fight the ever-encroaching darkness
ii. gods shed their blood to create humankind, so payback is fair
iii. Aztec Empire's purpose is to maintain the cosmic order by supplying blood for the gods
inca empire - quenchua
1. Quechua speakers established the Inca Empire along the length of the Andes
a. empire was 2,500 miles long
b. around 10 million subjects
inca empire bureactatic
2. Inca Empire was more bureaucratic, centralized than the Aztecs
a. emperor was an absolute ruler regarded as divine
b. state theoretically owned all land and resources
c. around 80 provinces, each with an Inca governor
d. subjects grouped into hierarchical units of people (10, 50, 100, 500, etc.), at least in the central regions
e. inspectors checked up on provincial officials
f. population data was recorded on quipus (knotted cords)
g. massive resettlement program moved much of the population
quipus
inca population data was recorded on quipus (knotted cords)
incas attempted cultural integration
3. Incas attempted cultural integration
a. leaders of conquered peoples had to learn Quechua
cuzco
inca b. sons were taken to Cuzco (the capital) for acculturation
incasa ttempt cultural integration-acknowledge dieties
c. subjects had to acknowledge major Inca deities
i. but then could carry on their own religious traditions
ii. human sacrifice, but on much smaller scale than Aztecs
mita
4. almost everyone had to perform labor service (mita) for the Inca state
a. work on state farms, herding, mining, military service, state construction
b. also production of goods for the state
i. most well known were the "chosen women": removed from their homes and trained to make corn beer and cloth
c. state provided elaborate feasts in return
5. the state played a large role in distribution of goods
gender parallelism
D. Both the Inca and Aztec civilizations practiced "gender parallelism."
1. women and men operated in "separate but equivalent spheres"
2. parallel religious cults for women and men
3. parallel hierarchies of female and male political officials (especially among Incas)
4. women's household tasks were not regarded as inferior
i. for Aztecs, sweeping was a powerful, sacred act
5. still, men had top positions in political and religious life
6. glorification of the military probably undermined gender parallelism
7. Inca ruler and his wife governed jointly, were descended from sun and moon, respectively
VI. Webs of Connection
gender parallelism women
1. women and men operated in "separate but equivalent spheres"
4. women's household tasks were not regarded as inferior
i. for Aztecs, sweeping was a powerful, sacred act
webs of connection
A. Large-scale political systems brought together culturally different people.
1. efforts to integrate diverse peoples, e.g., in Ottoman, Mughal, and Inca empires
webs of connection religion
B. Religion both united and divided far-flung peoples.
1. common religious culture of Christendom, but divided into Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
2. Buddhism linked people in China, Korea, Tibet, Japan, and parts of Southeast Asia
3. Islam was particularly good at bringing together its people
a. the annual hajj
b. yet conflict within the umma persisted
patterns of trade in 15th century
C. Patterns of trade were very evident in the fifteenth century
1. trade was going on almost everywhere
2. the balance of Afro-Eurasian trade was changing
a. the Silk Road network was contracting
b. ocean trade in the west Atlantic/Indian Ocean picked up
15th century connections truly global
A. No fifteenth-century connections were truly global.
1. those came only with European expansion in the sixteenth century
2. 1500-2000: inextricable linking of the worlds of Afro-Eurasia, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania
modern human society
B. "Modern" human society emerged first in Europe in the nineteenth century and then throughout the world.
1. core feature: industrialization
2. accompanied by massive population increase
3. societies favored holders of urban wealth over rural landowning elites
4. states became more powerful and intrusive
5. opening up of public and political life to more of the population
6. self-conscious departure from tradition
modern revolution
7. the modernity revolution was as important as the Agricultural Revolution
a. introduced new divisions and conflicts, new economic inequalities
b. destruction of older patterns of human life
prominence of euro peoples on the global stage
C. The prominence of European peoples on the global stage grew over the last 500 years.
1. after 1500, Western Europe became the most innovative, prosperous, powerful, imitated part of the world
2. spread of European languages and Christian religion throughout the world
3. initiated the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution
4. origin of modern -isms: liberalism, nationalism, feminism, socialism
5. rest of the world was confronted by powerful, intrusive Europeans
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