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AP Computer Science Principles Final Exam Review

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (33)

Overflow
error that results when the number of bits is not enough to hold the number, like a car's odometer "rolling over"
Round-off
error that results when the number of bits is not enough to represent the actual number, like 3 digits to represent π as 3.14
Lossy
Compressing data in a way that throws some data away and makes it almost impossible to recover the original, great compression, like JPEG images
Lossless
Compressing data in a way that preserves all data away and allows full recovery of the original, good compression -- usually not as good as lossy, like PNG images
Metadata
data about data, like a camera storing the location, aperture, shutter speed, etc. for a digital photo
Sequencing
code flows line by line, one after another, like a recipe
Selection
a boolean condition to determine which of two algorithmic paths are taken, aka if-then
Iteration
using a looping control structure, like while, for, foreach, repeat, repeat-until, etc.
Reasonable time
polynomial in the number of steps an algorithm takes in the worst case based on the input size
Not reasonable time
Usually exponential in the number of steps, like doubling every time your input grows by one
Heuristic
using a "rule" to guide an algorithm, like always walking toward the north star if you were stuck in a forest
Undecidable
A problem that is so difficult, we can't ever create an algorithm that would be able to answer yes or no for all inputs, like determining if a user's program run on some input would always stop and not run forever
Linear vs binary search
Going one by one vs starting in the middle and going left/right like looking for a word in the dictionary -- binary search requires the list to be sorted in order
APIs
Application Programming Interface, how you define libraries and call them
Public key encryption
is any cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys which may be disseminated widely, and private keys which are known only to the owner.
Domain names
an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet.
IP addresses
is an identifier assigned to each computer and other device (e.g., printer, router, mobile device, etc.) connected to a TCP/IP network[1] that is used to locate and identify the node in communications with other nodes on the network
TCP/IP network
the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the original protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).
Data compression
involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation
Cloud services
is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand
Intellectual property
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.
Malware attacks
short for malicious software, is any software used to disrupt computer or mobile operations, gather sensitive information, gain access to private computer systems, or display unwanted advertising
Phishing
is the attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and, indirectly, money), often for malicious reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.
DDos Attack
denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet.
DNS Server
is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network.
Citizen Science
Lots of people to help with a scientific project, like asking everyone around the world to count the butterflies they see one day
Cloud Computing
Using distributed calculations and/or storage for big data or a web applicatio)
Crowdsourcing
Asking lots of users online to help with something, like funding a project, or running SETI@Home to help look for extraterrestrial signals
Creative Commons
An alternative to copyright that allows people to declare how they want their artistic creations to be shared, remixed, used in noncommercial contexts, and how the policy should propagate with remixed versions
Open Access
A policy that allows people to have read access to things, e.g., libraries or online data
Moore's Law
The # of transistors on a chip doubles every two years
Peer-to-peer networks
A system where one user's computer connects through the Internet to another user's computer without going through an intermediary "centralized" computer to manage the connection
Digital divide
The idea that some communities / populations have less access to computing than others
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