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Comm Disorders - Ch 10

Terms in this set (44)

Frontal lobes house the..
Primary motor cortex
The __ originates in the primary motor cortex and is responsible for rapid, discrete volitional movement of the limbs and articulators for speech.
Pyramidal (Direct) Tract
The __ is important for regulating reflexes and maintaining posture and muscle tone, providing necessary framework to facilitate movement.
Extrapyramidal (Indirect) Tract
The direct and indirect activation pathways form the..
Upper motor neuron system
How do the basal ganglia modulate motor activity?
Modulate the activity of the primary motor cortex
Describe the motor speech production processes beginning with the motor plan.
Memorized motor plan selected (Wernicke's Area) > arcuate fasciculus > Broca's Area to program the motor cortex for the plan > articulators move
The __ consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Peripheral nervous system
The __ nerves are especially important for speech purposes, whereas the majority of __ nerves are important for breathing purposes.
Cranial - spinal
Special control systems in the __ govern breathing for life
Brain stem
Dysarthria can affect the
Speed, range, and timing of movement
Which of the speech domains may be affected in dysarthria?
ALL - respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation
__ is a category of dysarthria that usually results from lesions in the cranial and spinal nerves or in the muscle itself. Results in reduced speech breathing, breathy voice, reduced pitch and amplitude, hypernasality, and imprecise articulation
Flaccid Dysarthria
Idiopathic condition resulting in unilateral damage to the facial nerve that usually resolves spontaneously.
Bell's Palsy
Neurological disease that causes degeneration of lower motor neurons, resulting in flaccid paralysis of muscles and eventual muscle atrophy.
Progressive bulbar palsy
What is muscular dystrophy and how does it affect sound?
causes progressive degeneration of muscles - all aspects of speech production will eventually be affected
Visible isolated twitches in resting muscle due to spontaneous firing of nerve impulses in response to nerve degeneration.
Fasciculations
Autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction. Rapid weakening of muscles, strength regained after a short period of rest.
Myasthenia gravis
Category of dysarthria that typically results from bilateral upper motor neuron lesions in the cerebral hempisheres or a single lesion in the brain stem. reflexes more hyperactive, muscle tone increases.
Spastic dysarthria
What are the speech characteristics associated with spastic dysarthria?
articulators slow and reduced force in range of motion
Category of dysarthria that is due to damage in the cerebellum or cerebellar control circuitry. Incoordination and reduced muscle tone.
Ataxic dysarthria
What are the speech characteristics of ataxic dysarthria?
irregular breakdowns in articulation and abnormalities of prosody
Slow movements with reduced range of motion due to the effects of rigidity. Prevents proper functioning of basal ganglia
Hypokinetic dysarthria
What are the speech and movement characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria?
stiff and difficult to start movements, speech is fast and disfluencies are common, loudness diminishes
Idiopathic degenerative neurological disease that results in hypokinetic dysarthria in 90% of cases.
Parkinson disease
Category of dysarthria that is due to damage of the BG circuitry, the indirect pathway is damaged.
Hyperkinetic dysarthria
What are abnormal involuntary movements that may be seen in hyperkinetic dysarthria?
Tics, dystonia, chorea
What are the speech characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria?
Variable speech rate, irregular articulatory breakdowns, significant prosodic abnormalities
What is Huntington's chorea?
Results in degeneration of BG structures - involuntary rapid and unpredictable movements of the limbs, face, and tongue (Chorea), development of depression and dementia
In __, both upper and lower motor neurons degenerate, causing mixed flaccid and spastic dysarthria.
ALS
How might acquiring dysarthria change an adult's life?
Embarrassment, depression, frustration, less socialization, unable to live independently, unable to speak at all
Neurological speech disorder that generally occurs following damage to the left cerebral hemisphere, motor and premotor areas. Groping, substitutions, omissions, additions, difficulty with multisyllabic words.
Apraxia of Speech
For individuals who recover after acquiring apraxia of speech, what is the most common residual deficit?
Prosodic abnormalities
Causes dysarthria in children. Abnormal muscle tone, loss of selective motor control, muscle weakness, and impaired balance.
Cerebral Palsy
In __, individuals have increased muscle tone, exaggerated stretch reflex, and motor movements that may be jerky, stiff, labored, and slow.
Spastic cerebral palsy
In __, individuals have slow, involuntary writhing. Movement is disorganized and uncoordinated, and speech and breathing problems can be significant.
Athetoid cerebral palsy
Movement is uncoordinated and balance is disturbed.
Ataxic cerebral palsy
What are options for education and employment for those with cerebral palsy?
Many may obtain higher education and go into competitive employment.
What are the purposes of the motor speech evaluation?
determine if a problem exists - describe nature of impaired functions - identify normal functions - establish goals and where to begin intervention - form a prognosis
The following is noted in an __, symmetry, configuration, color, and appearance of face, jaw, lips, tongue, teeth, and hard/soft palate at rest - their movement - their range force speed and direction during movement.
Oral peripheral mechanism evaluation
What speech tasks might be used for differential diagnosis of apraxia of speech?
Imitation of a word - sentence imitation - reading aloud - spontaneous speech - rapid repetition of puh tuh kuh
Which techniques can be used to improve respiratory drive?
Using a pausing/phrasing strategy
Intensive, repetitive speech production drill practice with meaningful words and phrases is an effective way to increase __.
Articulation and intelligibility
__ are not recommended as a treatment technique for motor speech disorders.
Nonspeech oral motor treatments
An effective treatment for acquired apraxia of speech. It involves a hierarchy of cueing to help a client retrain his or her motor planning/programming abilities.
Integral stimulation
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