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Comm Disorders - Ch 9

Terms in this set (40)

__ are a family of related sounds.
Allophones
Consonant phonemes are classified according to
Place, manner, and voicing
The places of articulation are
Bilingual, labiodental, alveolar, interdental, palatal, velar, glottal
The manners of articulation are
Obstruents (stops, fricatives, and affricates) Resonants (nasals and approximants - glides and liquids)
What determines which vowel is produces
what part of the tongue is elevated, its height, and tension in the articulators. whether the lips are rounded or retracted also influences the sound that is produced
__ is when two vowels are said in close proximity.
Dipthong
By __ infants are able to imitate tone and pitch and begin babbling.
5 months
At 6-7 months, babbling changes into __.
Reduplicated babbling
Young children use __ to simplify a difficult word.
Phonological processes
Toddlers may demonstrate the following errors
Omission of final consonants, reduction of multisyllabic words, sound substitutions
Most of the phonological processes that toddlers use disappear by age
4
Children who experience phonological difficulties
Continue the use of phonological processes
__ are changes in pronunciation as a result of morphological changes. These take several years to master, extending into adulthood.
Morphological contrasts
By age __ children have acquired consonant blends.
8
An __ ends in a vowel, whereas a __ ends in a consonant.
Open syllable Closed syllable
__ are disorders of conceptualization of language rules.
Phonological disorders
Four types of articulation errors
Substitution, omission, addition, distortion
75% of children outgrow their speech sound errors by age __.
6
By age __, most children will have normalized their errors, making changes in speech sound production more difficult.
9
Speech-sound disorders can have a negative impact on __.
Aademics, professional relationships, personal relationships
A general impairment in expressive language is present in about __ of children who are difficult to understand and who have multiple speech-sound errors.
60%
In general, the more severe the hearing loss,
The less intelligible speech will be
Speech __ over time for those who lose their hearing after learning to talk.
Deteriorates
About 75-85% of children with __ have impaired speech production skills.
Cerebral Palsy
__ is a neurological speech sound disorder that affects the ability to plan and/or program the movement sequences necessary for accurate speech production.
Childhood apraxia of speech
What are the speech characteristics of childhood apraxia of speech?
inconsistent errors - lengthened transitions - inappropriate prosody - groping - difficulty with running speech - phonological impairments
Which of the following are good prognostic indicators for verbal communication in CAS?
Normal or near-normal cognition AND good receptive language
The most readily apparent difficulties are __ for those who persist with motor programming difficulties.
prosodic abnormalities
What is the overall goal of elective therapy for accent modification?
Increase intelligibility and thereby the persons communicative effectiveness
In assessment of phonology and articulation, __ is appropriate for young children and for those whose speech is markedly unintelligible.
Speech sound inventory
__ refers to how easy it is to understand the individual.
Intelligibility
Lack of consistency is a __ prognostic factor.
Positive
__ is the ability to produce the target phoneme when given focused auditory and visual cues.
Stimulability
__ refers to the ability to perceive differences in another person's speech, whereas __ refers to the ability to judge one's own ongoing speech.
Interpersonal - Intrapersonal
Factors in target selection for articulation and phonology include...
Phoneme frequency and Likelihood of success
The following approaches are language-based approaches..
NONE OF THE ABOVE (answers were traditional and sensory motor approach)
__ is not appropriate for children who have severe speech delays and require more direct, structured speech practice.
Language-based approaches
__ starts with the most stimulable phonological processes and progresses through multiple times until all phonological processes have been addressed.
Cycles approach
What is the theory behind the complexity approach?
Training more difficult sounds leads to generalization of easy untrained sounds
__ is an intensive treatment originally designed to increase loudness in patients with Parkinson disease and is now used with various neurologically-based motor speech disorders.
Lee Silverman voice treatment
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