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Animal Physiology

Terms in this set (24)

animals
heterotrophs, multicellular eukaryotes, acquire nutrients by ingestion
exoskeleton
in arthropods consisting mostly of polysaccharide, chitin, does not grow with the animal and must be shed periodically, protects the soft body inside
hydrostatic skeleton
a closed body compartment filled with fluid, muscles change this fluid compartment, causing it to move
endoskeleton
found in chordates, made of bone and cartilage that grows as the animal grows
ligaments
connections between bones to bones
tendons
connections between bones to muscles
excretion
removal of metabolic wastes: water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes
ammonia
very soluble in water and highly toxic, generally excreted by organisms that live in water (hydra, fish)
urea
not as toxic as ammonia, excreted by earthworms and humans, formed in the liver from ammonia in mammals
uric acid
pastelike substance that is not water soluble, not toxic, excreted by insects, reptiles, and birds with a minimum of water loss
excretion in hydra
no structure, ammonia waste
excretion in platyhelminthes
flame cells, ammonia waste
excretion in earthworms
nephridia, urea waste
excretion in insects
malphigian tubules, uric acid waste
excretion in humans
nephrons, urea waste
hydra nutrition (cnidaria)
digestion occurs in the gastrovascular cavity with one opening (mouth), has a 2-way digestive tract (food enters the same opening as waste exists) where cells of the gastrodermis secrete digestive enzymes into the cavity to aid in extracellular digestion, cells contain lysosomes that also carry out intracellular digestion
cnidaria nervous system
all cnidarians have cells called chidocytes that contain stingers, called nematocysts; response to the environment is controlled by a nerve net where impulses travel in all directions from any site and results in a single stimulus within the entire animal
cnidaria reproduction
sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction by budding (miniature version that is genetically identical to the parent)
earthworm nutrition (annelida)
long, straight tube for the digestive tract, mouth ingests decaying organic matter then moves to the crop where it is stored; later the gizzard grinds up the food with the help of sand and soil and absorption is enhanced by a large fold in the upper surface of the intestine (typhlosole)
earthworm nervous and transport system
the exchange of respiratory gases occurs passively by diffusion through moist skin (external respiratory surface because diffusion occurs on the surface); has a heart of 5 pairs of aortic arches that pump blood through the body in arteries, veins, and capillaries and exhibits a closed circulatory system because blood never leaves the blood vessels and, hemoglobin carries oxygen; has a brain of 2 dorsal, solid, fused ganglia that connect to a solid, ventral nerve cord
earthworm excretion
nephridia in every body segment to remove the nitrogenous waste urea
earthworm reproduction
is a hermaphrodite (both male and female sex organs)
grasshopper nutrition (arthropoda)
has a digestive tract that consists of a long tube consisting of a crop and gizzard but also has specialized mouthparts for tasting, biting, and crushing and a gizzard that contains plates made of chitin that help grind food; Malphigian tubules also remove the nitrogenous waste uric acid from the animal
grasshopper nervous and transport system
nervous system is similar to earthworm, but heart is tubular and lacks capillaries, has an open circulatory system where blood normally leaves the artery and moves through interconnected sinuses/hemocoels and does not carry hemoglobin or oxygen
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