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NBE Prep - Mixture (Anatomy & Path)

Terms in this set (191)

Antigens enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
Naturally acquired - active
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via mother's milk
Naturally acquired - passive
Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces
Artificially acquired - active
Preformed antibodies in immune serum as introduced by injection
Artificially acquired - passive
Any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it.
Antigen
A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.
Antibody
Combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.
Antibody
Infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
Virus
Balanced state of having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, which having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
Immunity
Biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. Often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins.
Vaccine
Smallest, functional units of organization in the body
Cells
Controls most cellular activities, including reproduction, protein synthesis and the cell's genetic makeup
Nucleus
Electron charge
Negative
Proton charge
Positive charge
Neutron charge
None
Protoplasm of a cell. Between nucleus and cell membrane; organelles
Cytoplasm
Synthesize proteins
Ribosomes
Cellular power plants which produce energy
Mitochondria
Contain enzymes which digest substances brought into cell
Lysosomes
Membranes that form canals which transport nutrients and other materials through the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell division/reproduction
Centrioles
outer boundary of cell
Plasma (cell)membrane
Stratified epithelium
Layers
What quadrants feed the left lymph duct?
Left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants
Oil glands
Sebaceous glands
What secretes sebum
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Sudoriferous glands
What secretes sudor
Sudoriferous glands
Ear wax glands
Ceruminous glands
What secretes cerumen
Ceruminous glands
Axial skeleton
80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones
Horizontal and anterior portion of mandible
Body
Medial boundary of ACT?
Midline of the neck
Superior borer of ACT?
Inferior margin of the mandible
Lateral border of ACT?
Anterior border of SCM
Simple sugars
Carbohydrates
Glycerol and fatty acids
Fats
Amino acids
Proteins
Innermost layer of heart
Endocardium
Primitive, non-organized nuclear body
Procaryotic
Smallest of all living organisms. None-cellular entity cannot be grown outside of the living host and thus called obligate intracellular parasites. Cannot establish a mutual relationship with the host. Depends on host for survival.
Viruses
Protection is obtained against the organism or agent causing a disease.
Immunity
Rigid framework that determines the size and shape of the living cell
Cell wall
Strict obligate aerobe
Requires presence of oxygen
Strict obligate anaerobe
Requires absence of oxygen
Strict obligate parasite
Requires living organic matter
Strict obligate saprophyte
Requires non-living organic matter
Asexual reproduction
Binary fission
Require simple inorganic substances; self-feeding
Autotrophic bacteria
Require one or more pre-formed organic compounds for growth
Heterotrophic bacteria
Killing or removing of all forms of life. To render incapable of reproduction.
Sterilization
Process of destroying pathogenic microorganisms or inhibiting their growth. Death to disease-producing organisms. Taking away or eradicating the agents that cause infection or disease.
Disinfection
Mean, "to kill"
Germicide
Endemic
Present at low levels all the time
Epidemic
Large number of people in small time
World-wide epidemic
Pandemic
Unchangeable immunity; where the host receives the antigen or antibody from "natural" means
Natural (innate) immunity
Changeable immunity; Protection from disease through vaccination and immunization procedures; where the host receives the antigen or the antibody "through a needle" rather than through a natural route.
Acquired immunity
Having the disease and recovering from it
Naturally acquired - active
Placental transfer of antibodies and from colostrum
Naturally acquired - Passive
Vaccines
Artificially acquired - active
Immune serums
Artificially acquired - passive
Infection of inner lining of heart?
Endocarditis
What does enteric mean?
Gut or intestine
Commonly in intestinal tract. Shigella and Salmonella
Enterobacteriacae
Is bacillus aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
Is clostridium aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
Choleycystitis
Inflammed gallbladder
What type of circulation is where blood is oxygenated. It carries oxygen depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns it oxygenated?
Pulmonary
What is NOT involved in pulmonary circulation?
Right ventricle
What type of circulation is a circuit through the rest of the body and provides oxygenated blood? Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart?
Systemic
What is NOT involved in systemic circulation?
Pulmonary artery
What part of the heart contains papillary muscles and chordae tendonae?
Ventricles
Where are the 5 chordae tendonae located?
3 in the right ventricle; 2 in the left ventricle
What is an enlarged organ called?
Hyperplasia
Pulmonary edema is swelling around the?
Lungs
What disease is the chancre and gumma related to?
Syphilis
A fully inflated bladder would be in which of the 9 regions?
Hypogastric
What quadrant is the cecum located in?
Right inguinal
Ulcerative colitis is found in the?
Large intestine
Pus in the pleural cavity is called?
Empyema
Rupture of alveoli from obstruction of bronchi?
Emphysema
Decrease in white blood cells?
Leukopenia
Anatomical guide for the axillary artery?
Corocobrachialis muscle
Reduction in arterial blood supply to an organ is called?
Ischemia
By far, the most numerous corpuscle in the body?
Erythrocyte
Bacteria currently producing endospores is?
Sporulating
Streptococci, diplobacilli, and spirilla are examples of?
Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Capsules
Joints that are immovable or allow little movement.
Synarthroses
Refers to bones that have grown together and fused, such as the pelvis
Symphysis
Joints that allow a free range of articulation motion.
Diarthroses
Joints are slightly movable and are sutural or fibrous in nature.
Amphiarthrosis
Continuous tube of the digestive system from the mouth to the anus
Alimentary canal
Hydronephrosis
Swelling in a kidney when urine does not drain normally
Disassociation of a substance in solution into ions.
Ionization
An atom that has lost or gained an electron, becoming a charged particle.
Ion
Substances that yield a hydrogen or hydronium ion in water
Acids
Substances that yield hydroxide ions in water
Bases
Amphoteric
Can be an acid or a base
Means of access or opening in the body.
Meatus
Bleeding from the nose.
Epistaxis
Lack of blood supply to organ
Ischemia
Blood clot
Thrombosis
Blockage due to a lodging of a floating embolus.
Embolism
When an overabundance of blood pools in a particular part of the body.
Hyperemia
Large number of WBC's.
Leukocytosis
Blood escaping from vascular system.
Hemorrhage
Hematemesis
Vomitting blood
Excrete chemicals into cavity or blood; ducts
Exocrine
Ductless glands; can secrete directly into blood
Endocrine
Can function as endocrine and exocrine, such as the pancreas.
Heterocrine
Smallest particle of an element.
Atom
Group of atoms.
Molecule
Simple, single-celled microscopic organism without a nucleus.
Bacteria
Bacterial infection that has spread through the vessels.
Septicemia
Exists in a sweat land or heair follicle.
Furuncle
Cluster of boils
Carbuncle
Process of destroying any and all life forms on a surface area.
Sterilization
Pigments that originate from outside the location they infiltrated.
Exogenous
Excessive blood from a venous obstruction?
Passive hyperemia
Enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells?
Hyperplasia
Enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells?
Hypertrophy
Vomitting blood?
Hematemesis
Decrease in white blood cells?
Leukopenia
What is not involved in systemic circulation?
Pulmonary trunk
Reduction of blood to an organ?
Ischemia
Largest antemortem extravascular discoloration?
Hematoma
Trocar guide that has to do with the 5th intercostal space and left mid axillary line?
Stomach
WL of infant trocar?
7"
OD for adult trocar?
3/8"
Edema in the peritoneal cavity?
Ascites
What type of discoloration is razor burn?
Reaction with embalming chemicals
What type of discoloration is gangrene?
Pathological
What helps hold raised vessels at the top of the surface?
Seperator
Where is ulcerative colitis located?
Large intestine
Widespread areas of hemorrhage
Purpura
Bleeding in pleural cavity
Hemothorax
Pleural cavity =
Lungs
Bleeding into peritoneum cavity
Hemoperitoneum
Peritoneal cavity =
Stomach
Hemoptysis
Blood in sputum
Epistaxis
Nose bleed
Edema of peritoneal cavity
Ascites
Dehydration =
Dessication
Pigmentation occurring from a normal pigment present in the body
Endogenous
Pigmentation which entered the body from outside
Exogenous
Neutrophils are involved in what?
Phagocytosis
Helps ingest invading bacteria and other cellular debris
Phagocytosis
Process of pus formation
Suppuration
Pigmentation is caused by?
Infiltration
Bacteria which cause suppuration
Pyogenic (pus producing)
Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and neisseria gonorrhea are all what types of bacteria?
Pyogenic
Pyo =
Pus
Area of pus surrounded by a wall of inflammatory tissue?
Abscess
Replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue
Repair
Replacement of damaged tissue with identical tissue
Regeneration
What types of tumors grow by expansion?
Benign
What types of tumors are often encapsulated?
Benign
What types of tumors grow by infiltration?
Malignant
What types of tumors are generally not encapsulated?
Malignant
Increase in size of cells
Hypertrophy
Increase in number of cells?
Hyperplasia
Cytosis =
Increase
Penia =
Decrease
Increase in size of heart
Dilation
Inflammation of outer sac around the heart
Pericarditis
Inflammation of heart muscle itself
Myocarditis
Small intestine segments
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Large intestine segments
Cecum, colon, anal canal
Type of diabetes associated with the pituitary gland
Diabetes insipidus
Type of diabetes associated with pancreas
Diabetes mellitus
Protective layers of the brain and spinal cord (meninges), from outer to inner
Dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia matter
Only from the bacillaceae family (Bacillus and Clostridium)
Endospores
Protects the cell in unfavorable enviornments
Endospore
Happens during adverse or harmful conditions
Sporulation
When conditions are safe, the spore converts into this, which means conditions are favorable for growth
Vegetative cell
Production of many new structures, metabolites, and enzymes
Sporulation
Occurs after a return to favorable conditions; stimulates formation of new cell mass
Germination
Granules. Storage depot for food reserves
Inclusion body
Outermost layer around those bacteria capable of producing capsules. Loosely organized, slimy, mucilaginous coating exterior to the cell wall. Confers protection and virulence
Capsules
To prefer the name not listed
Facultative
Prefer cold temperatures
Psychrophiles
Prefer mid-range temperatures
Mesophiles
Heat-loving
Thermophiles
Heat-labile proteins; produced while the cell is living; secreted from cell into surrounding environments. Gram-positive. Most powerful biological poison.
Exotoxins
Released only when cell dies. Gram negative. Can withstand heat.
Endotoxin
Thick, amorphous coverings of bacteria cell walls. Reduces or prevents phagocytosis of bacteria by leukocytes. Host protective factor.
Capsules
Retains violet dye. No outer membrane. Exotoxins. Non-pathogenic.
Gram positive
More resistant against antibodies because of their impenetrable cell wall. Do not retain violet dye. Colored red or pink. Outer membrane. Endotoxins. Tend to be harmful to humans.
Gram negative
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