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Psych and Sociology Princenton; chapters 6,7,8

Terms in this set (164)

libido
Freud; life instinct that drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance ,and pleasure;
death instinct
Freud; drives aggressive behaviors fueled by unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself or another
id
Freud; largely unconscious source of energy and instincts; rulled by pleasure principle;id seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, gain pleasure; no logical or moral reasoning; doesnt distinguish mental from external objects; children
ego
Freud; ruled by reality principle; uses logical thinking and planning to control conciousness and id; tries to find realistic ways to satisfy id's desire for pleasure
superego
Freud; inhibits id, influences ego to follow moralistic and idealistic goals; gain psych rewards like self love and pride and avoid guilt, inferiority
Reaction formation
Freud; expressing the opposite of what one really feels
Denial
forceful refusal
Repression
lack of recall
trust vs mistrust
Erikson; infant
autonomy vs shame
Erikson; toddler
intitiative vs guilt
preschool age child
industry vs inferiority
school age child
identity vs role confusion
adolescence
intimacy vs isolation
young adult
generatively vs stagnation
middle age
integrity vs despair
later in life
humanistic theory
Rogers; person centered therapy; self actualizing (realizing his potential) ; incongruence (own vs interjected values)
behaviorist
conditioning
CBT
become aware of ones thoughts to formational reactions to them
source traits
factors underlying personality and behavior;more abstract
Global factors
Raymon Cattell; into 5 categories; extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation, self control; similar to Five Factor Model by McRae and Costa: extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Eynsenck Hans and biological view of personality
persons level of extroversion is based on RAAS differences and limbic system; corellations found between neuroticism and volume of brain assoc with negative emotions and punishment;
Jeffrey Alan Grey and bio personality view
personality governed by interaction among 3 brain systems connected with reward systems;
Cloninger and bio personality view
also linked personality like Grey to brains systems with reward; thought personality linked to NT levels; low dopamine - with higher impulsivity; low epi - high approval seeking, low serotonin - risk avoidance
person-situation controversy
degree to which persons reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or due to situation
Traits vs States
internal and stable; states - situational, unstable
Lateral hypothalamus vs Ventromedial hypothalamus
brings on hunger vs depresses hunger
stress-diathesis theory
genetic inheritance provides biological predisposition, while stressors elicit the onset of disease
Dopamine and schizophrenia
hyperactive dopamine; overabundance of dopamine and oversensitivity of receptors
Depression
diminished dopanmine, serotonin, norepinephrine
Alzheimers
anterograde and retrograde amnesia; neuritic plagues - beta amyloid proteins, neurofibliary tangles - clumps of tau protein; spatial coordination and language function - abnormality in ACH NT
Parkinsons
death in cells generating dopamine in basal gangliandsubstantia nigra; movement then language
principle of aggreagation
attitude affects a persons aggregate or average behavior but not necessarily each act
Prison study and role playing
behavior on attitudes
Self schemas
beliefs a person has about himself
Self reference effect
tendency to remember information more if it relates to ourselves
Ideal Self
Rogers - humanistic; constructed out of your life experiences, societal expectations, things you admire about role models
Incongruity
when a personal falls short of ideal self
Looking glass self
Charles Cooley;idea that a person sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and perception of others; people shape their self concepts based on how others perceive them
Social behaviorism and Mead
the mind and self emerge through social process of communication; symbolic interactionism
Me, Mead
how individual thinks "common expectations of society" perceive him
I
response to me; response to attitudes of others
Feral children
children raised without care human or contact
Norms
unspoken rules and expectations in society
Normative behavior
behavior that follows norms
Sanctions
rewards and punishment for behaviors
Mores
norms that are highly beneficial for society and often sctrictly enforces; animal abuse etc
Folkways
norms that are less important but shape everyday behavior - way of greeeting
anomie
social condition where individuals are not provided with firm guidelinesss in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidance or social ethic; where individualism is at the expense of greater social order
Edwin Sutherland differential association
argues that deviance is a learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities; if he is more likely to work with people with deviant behaviors he will act more deviant
Howards Becker labeling theory
argues that deviance is a result of society's response to a person rather than something inherent in person's actions; self fulfilling prophecy and labeling individuals
Agents of social control
groups that have ability to attach stigmas to certain behaviors
Robert Mertons structural strain theory
deviance is result of experienced strain, either ind or structural.When social goals and means are balances, deviance is not expected
Collective behavior
where social norms for situation are absent or not clear
Herbert Blumer and crowds
crowds - group that shares a purpose
Blumer and mob
crowd example where behaviors violent and specific
Blumer and public
group of individuals discussing a single issue; people in public share ideas
Blumer and masses
group through efforts of mass media
social movement
collective behavior with intention of promoting chnage
Trends vs fads
trends are long lived and often lead to changes
outbreaks
limited outbreaks of infectious diseases
pandemic
widespread outbreak of inf diseases
Amalmagation
when groups combine to form a new group
subculture
segment of society that shares distinct pattern of traditions and values
dispositional attribution
attribution individual behavior to internal causes
situational attribution
attribution of ind behavior to external causes
Fund attribution error
underestimate impact of situation; overestimate impacts of persons character
actor-observer bias
our actions on situations; others on personalities
Self serving bias
for you; attribute success to personal factors; failure to external environment;
optimism bias
bad things happen to other people. but not us
just world phenomenon
tendency to belief that world is fair and people get what they deserve
halo effect
tendency to think people are inherently good or bad
social cognition
ability of brain to store and process information regarding social perception
false consensus
everyone agrees with what we do, though they may not
projection bias
when we assume others have same beliefs that we do
illusory correlation
micheal jordan is a good athlete, so all black people are good good athelets
primary group
smaller, individual engages with every day; long term emotional ways; serve expressive functions - meeting emotional needs
secondary group
larger and more impersonal, shorter periods of times; serve instrumental functions - meeting pragmatic needs
Bureaucracy and Weber
covers a fixed area of activity; hierarchically organized; workers have expert training in area of speciality; organizational ranks are impersonal; workers follow set of procedures to increase predictability and efficiency; workers will fight to maintain control over their task, while managers entrench oligarchy
Iron Law of Oligrachy
when revolutionary organizations becomes less revolutionary as their organizational structures develop and become entrenched;
mere presence
people are simply in each others presence and behaviour is affected
Social facilitation
only in practiced or simple tasks
informational influence
group polarization; most common ideas to emerge are the ones that favor dominant viewpoint
Normative influence
wanting to be accepted by others
social comparison
evaluating our opinions by comparing them to those of others
groupthink
seemingly in agreement; becomes extreme; prevention of dissentign opinions - mindguarding; pressure to conform
Asch and conformity experiment
group pressure; subjects conformed to the group by answering incorrectly
Compliance
behavior motivated by rewards or to avoid punishment
Identification
motivated by desire to be like another person or group; as long as relationship lasts and other alternative convincing views are not presented
Internalization
behavior is motivated by values and beliefs; the most enduring motivaation
informative social influence
process of complying because we want right things and we feel like others know something we don't know
What influences conformity
3-5 people group will elicit more conformity than 1-2 people; unanimity- strong pressure not to dissent when everyone else agrees; cohesion - an ind is more likely to be swayed if he identifies with a person he agrees with; status - higher status people have stronger influences on opinion; accountability - tendency to conform more when surrounded by people;
status
socially defined positions within society
master status
status that dominates the others and determines individual general position within society
ascribed statuses vs achieeved status
regardless of personal effort
organization
impersonal groups that come together to pursue particular activities and meet goals efficiently; increase efficiency, predictability, control and uniformity
Utilitarian organization
where members get paid for their effort - businesses
Normative organizations
motivate membership based on morally relevant goals
Coercive organizations
members don't have a choice in joining
impression management
people construct images of themselves and want others to see them in certain lights
self-handicapping
people create obstacles /excuses to avoid self-blame
Dramaturgical perspective
we imagine ourselves playing certain roles while interactign with others; we can constantly remake who we are based on who we interact with
front stage self
we play role and use impression management for people we interact with
back stage self
we are ourselves;
Mere exposure effect
people prefer repeated exposure to the same stimuli: more likely to befriend someone from same class..etc
frustration aggression princple
when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, frustration triggers anger
inclusive fitness
defined by number of offspring organism has and how it supports its offspring and how offspring support other in a group
game theory
predicts overall behavior of a populations
Functionalism
Durkheim; primitive vs modern societies - more dissimilar but still rely on each other to make things work - dynamic equilibrium
Manifest functions
functionalism; intended and obvious consequences of structure
Latent functions
functionalism; unintended or less recognizable consequences of a structure
Conflict theory
Marx, capitalism produces internal tensions that would ultimately lead to self destruction of capitalist society to be replaced by socialist
Ludwig Gumplowicz
marx expansion, society is shaped by war and conquest
Weber and Marx
agreed that inequalities would lead to conflict but didnt believe capitalism will collapse
Founding fathers of sociology
durkheim, marx, weber
Symbolic interactionsim
Mead; individual active in shaping his society; society constrcuted through human interpretation; dramaturgical approach
Glass ceiling
invisible barrier limits opportunities for promotion of women in professional context
Cost benefit analysis
individuals make rational economic decisions to min costs and max benefits
Rational Choice theory
decision made between multiple courses of action; measurable resources than subjective emotions...etc
social exchange theory
we assign different values to differetn courses of action and prefer action with greatest personal benefit; takes into consideration subjective resources
methodological individualism
individual actions adn interactions
Polygyny
man married to more than one woman
endogamy
marryign within a group
exogamy
marrying within outside group
kin
cultural rather than biological group; extended familiy and friends
hidden curriculum
lessions learned that are not stated in educational plan
teacher expectancy theory
if student accepts teachers expectations as reasonable, he will begin to perform in accordance with them
educational stratitfication
children educational achievements mirror their parents
ecclesia
dominant religious org that includes most soceity
modernization
transform of traditional structures to more rational or economics driven
secularization
process where religion loses its social significance
rational legal authority
gov with legal rules and regulations stipulated in documents
traditional authority
power due to custom, tradition
charsimatic authority
power of persuasion
Aristarchic gov
small group of people; public not involved; artistocracy or meritocracy - ruled by meritorious with meaningful social contribution
Autocratic gov
single person with absolute power
Monarchic gov
single person or small group; who inherited their role
Authoritarian gov
unelected leaders, public might have freedoms, but no voting
Oligarchic gov
leaders can be elected or unelected; public might elect but have little influence in decisions
traditional economies
consider social scustoms in economic decision
socialism
resources nad production are collectively owned; good and services for direct use rather than profit;
communism
socialism, but absence of currencies, classes and etc
welfare capitalism
where economy is private with exception of welfare programs - univeral health care
state capitalism
where companies privately run but work closely with gov like US
Mechanicla solidarity
allows soceity to be integrated because ind have common beliefs that lead each person having same fund experience
Collective conscieve
presumes existence of greater social ordere
Organic solidarity
allows soceity to integrate through divsion of labor, each person have a personal experience
primary care
preventative, disease management
secondary care
acute care
teritatry care
specialist
sick role, parsons
ill person cannot be contributing member of society
illness experience
takes patients subj experience of illness as main concern
sociobiology
how biology and evolution affected human behavior
cultural diffustion
transfer of elements in culture from one social group to another
cultural lag
period when there is no social consensus about new innovation
transtiion shock
when ind experiences changes (social)
crude birth rate
annual number of births per 1000 ppl
crude death rate
annual number of deaths per 1000 ppl
rate of pop change
CBR - CDR
fertility
ability of woman to reproduce
fecundity
potential repr capacity of women
Total fertility rate
total number of births per woman
A bridging process model
posits that two populations with different behaviors are linked by a few individuals who bridge the boundary between each world.
Homophily
is defined as the tendency for people to choose relationships with other people who have similar attributes.
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