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223 Final Review

Terms in this set (78)

What agency regulates all veterinary medicine drugs?
-FDA (Branch: CVM)
What agency regulates all veterinary biologics?
-USDA - APHIS
What agency regulates all controlled drugs?
-DEA
What agency regulates all ectoparasiticides?
-EPA
What's AMDUCA?
-Animal medicinal drug use and clarification act
What's the point of AMDUCA?
-Allows veterinarians to use drugs in an extra-label fashion as long as certain conditions are met
What is a VCPR?
-Veterinary client patient relationship
Why is a VCPR so important?
-Must be established/maintained in order to prescribe drugs.
What's Cushing's Disease?
-Over secretion of hormones by the adrenal gland
What are some signs/symptoms of Cushing's Disease?
-PU
-PD
-Pot belly
-Poor coat
-Etc
How do we treat Cushing's Disease? (ie - What's the mechanism?)
-Chemotherapeutics to either "kill off" part of the adrenal gland or inhibit steroid hormone synthesis
What drugs do we use to treat Cushing's Disease?
-Mitotaine
-Trilostane (Trade name: Vetoryl)
What's Addison's Disease?
-Insufficient secretion of hormones from the adrenal gland.
Why might your patient develop Addison's Disease?
-Natural process (autoimmune?)
-We caused it when treating for Cushing's Disease
How do we treat Addison's Disease? (ie - what is the mechanism?)
-Supplement the adrenal steroids (Cortisol-like, mineralocorticoids, etc)
What drugs do we use to treat Addison's disease?
-Dosoxycorticosterone (DOCP); Trade Name: Percorten
A higher scheduled drug (C-V) means a drug has HIGHER/LOWER potential for human abuse.
-Lower potential
The higher the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. (True/False)
-True
What are the 4 components of pharmacokinetics?
-Absorption
*Drug Factors: Chemistry (lipophilic vs hydrophilic), Ionization, Drug size, Acid-Base characteristics, Form (oral vs. parenteral)
*Patient Factors: Age, Health, Metabolic rate, Genetic factors, Sex

-Distribution
*Affected by: Membrane permeability, Tissue perfusion, Protein binding, Volume of distribution

-Metabolism

-Excretion
*Urine, feces, lungs, milk
What drug do we use for the in-hospital emergency (IV) treatment of seizures?
-Diazepam
What is an oral medication that we use for the daily management of seizures at home?
-Phenobarbital
What is a potential side effects of phenobarbital?
-It can be hepatotoxic
*Must monitor liver enzymes and plasma phenobarb levels in animals on this medication
What are some commonly used sedatives/tranquilizers/anxiolytics in the small animal clinic?
-Acepromazine
-Diazepam (reverse with Flumazenil)
-Dexmedetomidine (reverse with Atipamezole)
-Xylazine (reverse with Yohimbine)
What class of drugs are the best analgesics?
-Opioids
What are some examples of opioids?
-Butorphanol
-Hydromorphone
-Buprenorphine
-Morphine
-Fentanyl
-Tramadol
Can you reverse opioids? If yes, with what?
-Yes
-With Naloxone
What do xylazine and apomorphine have in common?
-They're used to induce emesis in animals
Which injectable anesthetic agent do we avoid in sighthounds and why?
-Thiopental
-It's stored in the fat. Lesser body fat = potential for overdose or more rapid distribution to the central nervous system
Name 2 examples of injectable anesthetic agents that we might use in sighthounds
-Propofol
-Methohexital
What is preload?
-The amount of blood within the chambers of the heart BEFORE pumping (i.e. end diastole)
What is afterload?
-The amount of blood the heart has to push against (i.e. peripheral vasoconstriction/blood pressure)
What is a positive inotrope?
-Drugs that increase the contractile force of the heart
What drug might we give to treat an arrhythmia in-hospital?
-Lidocaine
What drug might we give to treat an arrhythmia at home?
-Mexilitene
What do

-Clomipramine
-Fluoxetine
and
-Selegiline

have in common?
-They're behavior medications used to treat anxiety and other disorders in dogs
What does aspirin do?
-Anti-coagulant
-Anti-inflammatory
When do we use aspirin?
-We can use as an anti-inflammatory/pain medication/fever reducer
-Used for treatment of thromboembolic disease in cats
When must we use caution with aspirin?
-In cats (salicylates)
-In animals on NSAIDs or steroids
-Prior to surgery
What are some examples of drugs we could use to treat respiratory disorders?
-Albuterol (bronchodilator)
-Atropine (bronchodilator)
-Diphenhydramine (anti-histamine; used for allergic bronchitis)
-Doxapram (respiratory stimulant; used in neonates)
-Epinephrine (bronchodilator)
-Fluticasone (inhalant steroid; used in asthma and allergic bronchitis)
-Furosemide (diuretic; used in pulmonary edema [CHF])
-Prednisone/Prednisolone (oral steroids; used in allergic bronchitis/asthma)
-Theophylline (bronchodilator)
What is the drug of choice for daily administration in the treatment of heart failure in dogs? Why? What are it's effects?
-Pimobendan
-Inodilator
-It's a positive inotrope and vasodilator (decreases blood pressure/afterload)
What are some drugs used to treat GI disorders?
-Bismuth subsalicylate (gastric coating agent)
-Cisapride (pro-motility agent [colonic]; megacolon)
-Docusate Sodium (stool softener)
-Dolasetron (anti-emetic)
-Famotidine (antacid)
-Lactulose (osmotic laxative)
-Loperamide (anti-diarrheal)
-Maropitant (anti-emetic)
-Metoclopramide (anti-emetic; pro-motility; contraindicated in GI obstructions)
-Metronidazole (antibiotic; colitis)
-Omeprazole (antacid)
-Psyllium (fecal bulking agent)
-Sucralfate (GI protectant/coating agent)
What am I going to give a dog that has ingested rat bait? Why? What if our patient is severely hypovolemic/shocky on presentation due to hemorrhage - what are we likely to administer?
-Vitamin K
-It is essential to the coagulation process and these steps are inhibited by these products
-Shock doses of crystalloids or, ideally, colloids (whole blood)
What are some examples of NSAIDs?
-carprofen
-deracoxib
-firocoxib
-flunixin meglumine
-meloxicam
What is an NSAID that is approved for use in cats?
-Meloxicam
What are some common side effects of NSAIDs, for which we must monitor our patients?
-GI ulceration
-Liver and kidney problems
What's Diabetes Insipidus?
-Inadequate secretion of ADH (also called "vasopressin"; from pituitary) or kidney unresponsiveness to ADH
-Failure to concentrate urine

-Signs/Symptoms:
*PU
*PD
How do we treat Diabetes Insipidus? (i.e. - what's the mechanism?)
-Supplement a synthetic form of ADH
What drugs do we use to treat Diabetes Insipidus?
-Desmopressin
What are the "core" vaccines for dogs?
-Rabies
-DA2PP
-+/- Lyme (if it's endemic in your area, +)
What are the "core" vaccines for cats?
-Rabies
-FVRCP
What other two vaccines should "social" dogs get?
-Bordetella (kennel cough)
-Canine influenza
What are the 2 main ingredients in Frontline?
-Fipronil
*Adult fleas, ticks, chewing lice

-Methoprene
*IGR (Lufenuron)
What is Hyperthyroidism?
-Overproduction of T3/T4 by the thyroid gland
-Most common in cats
What are some signs/symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
-Weight loss despite eating a lot
-Tachycardia
-Etc
How do we treat Hyperthyroidism? (i.e.- what's the mechanism?)
-Suppress the thyroid gland
What drugs do we use to treat Hyperthyroidism?
-Methimazole
What are the two main ingredients in K9 Advantix?
-Imidacloprid
*Fleas (adults and larvae)

-Permethrin
*Ticks, mosquitos
*TOXIC TO CATS
What drug do we use to treat a cat that comes in twitching from permethrin toxicity?
-Methocarbamol
What are some examples of steroids?
-Dexamethasone
-Hydrocortisone
-Fluticasone
-Methylprednisolone Acetate
-Prednisone/Prednisolone
-Triamcinotone
What are some side effects of steroid administration?
-PU
-PD
-PP
-GI ulceration
-Liver toxicity
What is Hypothyroidism?
-Inadequate production of T3/T4 from the thyroid gland
-Most common in dogs
What are some signs/symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
-Weight gain despite not eating a lot
-Poor hair coat
-Skin conditions
How do we treat Hypothyroidism? (i.e. - what's the mechanism?)
-Supplement with exogenous thyroid hormone
What drugs do we use to treat Hypothyroidism?
-L-thyroxine
What are some examples of drugs used in heartworm preventatives?
-Ivermectin
-Moxidectin
-Selamectin
-Milbemycin
What drug do we use to treat the adult form of heartworm disease?
-Melarsomine
What are some examples of dewormers?
-Ivermectin (Rounds)
-Emodepside (Rounds)
-Epsiprantel (Tapes)
-Fenbendazole (Rounds)
-Pyrantel Pamoate/Tartrate (Rounds)
-Praziprantel (Tapes)
What's Diabetes Mellitus and what are the types?
-Inadequate production of insulin
*Type I
*Most common in dogs

-Inadequate tissue response to insulin
*Type II
*Most common in cats
How do we treat Diabetes Mellitus? (i.e. - what is the mechanism?)
-Supplement with exogenous insulin
-Diet
-Weight loss
What drugs do we use to treat Diabetes Mellitus?
-In hospital:
*Short acting ("regular") insulin

-At home:
*Longer acting insulin
What points regarding insulin administration must we review with owners?
-Keep refrigerated
-Give ONLY if eating
-Mix gently before injecting
-If concerned, skip a dose
-Very injection sites
-Watch for signs of hypoglycemia
Struvite crystals/stones are formed in what type of urine?
-Alkaline
How do we treat struvite crystals? (i.e.- what's the mechanism?)
-Acidify the urine
How can we acidify the urine?
-Ammonium chloride (urinary acidifier)
*Caution in animals that don't need it: causes calcium oxalate stones which cannot be dissolved

-Acidify the diet
*S/D
*Urinary S/O
*Etc
What are some examples of antibiotics?
-Amoxicillin
-Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid (Clavamox)
-Ampicillin
-Bacitracin
Cephalexin
-Chloramphenicol
-Clindamycin
-Doxycycline
-Enrofloxacin
-Gentamicin
-Neomycin
-Penicillin
-Polymyxin
-Trimethoprim
What are 3 examples of antibiotics that are cell wall agents?
-Amoxicillin
-Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid
-Ampicillin
-Penicillin
What is an antibiotic that is banned in food animals?
-Chloramphenicol
Which drug is used to treat Lyme and other tick-borne diseases?
-Doxycycline
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