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Final

Terms in this set (85)

microbiology
study of small living things, so small you need a microscope to see
examples of microbes
-bacteria
-virus
-fungus
-algae
-protozoan
germ theory of disease
-germs can invade other organisms and cause disease
-disease was given religious explanation
spontaneous generation
belief that life can arise from non-living material
-fransisco redi: meat/maggot
-louis pasteur: swan-neck flask
4 organic macromolecules
-protein
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-nucleic acid
purpose of gram stain
thickness of cell wall
+/- gram stain
+ thick/purple
- thin/pink
prokaryotic
-no sterols
-peptidoglycan cell wall
-simple propeller/flagella
-no membrane nucleus
-lack organelles
-70s ribosomes
eukaryotic
-sterols
-cellulose/chitin/silica cell wall
-complex whip/flagella
-membrane bound nucleus
-organelles present
-80s ribosomes
coccus
circular
rod/bacillus
rod shaped
displococcus
pairs of cocci
streptococcus
chains of cocci
staphlococcus
grapelike clusters of cocci
tetrad
block of 4 cocci
sarcinae
cube of 8 cocci
glycolysis
-in cytoplasm
-anaerobic
-start: 1 glucose
-end: 2 pyruvic acid (3c)/ 2 NADH
-4 ATP (net 2 ATP)
fermentation
-in cytoplasm
-anaerobic
-start: 2 pyruvic acid
-end: ethanol/lactic acid/ co2/acetic acid
-2/3 ATP
krebs cycle
-prokaryotic - cytoplams/eukaryotic - mitochondrial
-aerobic
-2 pyruvic acid
-6 co2/8 NADH/2 FADH
-2 GTP
electronic transport chain
-prokaryotic - cell membrane/ eukaryotic: inner mitchondial membrane
-aerobic
-6 o2
-6h2o
-34 ATP
binary fission
bacterial reproduction by splitting into two identical cells
aerobe
requires oxygen
anaerobe
without oxygen
facultative anaerobe
with/without oxygen
microaerophile
low oxygen
DNA
a-t
g-c
RNA
a-u
g-c
replication
copies dna for cell division
transcription
dna code converted to rna code
translation
ribosome reads mRNA code to produce protein
codon
in translation/mRNA
anticodon
tRNA
taxonomy/classification
grouping organisms with similar traits into groups called taxa
how to write binomial names
-italicized
Escherichia coli
3 domains
1. eukarya
2. bacteria
3. archaea
6 kingdoms
1. animalia
2. plantae
3. fungi
4. protista
5. archaea
6. bacteria
virus
obligate intracellular parasite
why viruses are considered non-living
no true cell structure
components of virus
-capsid (protein coat)
-genome (nucleic acid/rna/dna)
-envelope (membrane)
-spikes (attachment proteins)
5 steps: viral replication
1. adsorption
2. penetration
3. biosynthesis
4. maturation
5. release
algae
-plant like
-rarely causes infections
-red tides/food poisoning
fungi
-rarely cause disease
-decomposers
-mostly associated with weakened immune systems
-ringworm/yeast infection
protozoa
-single-celled
-gastrointestinal disease
helminths
parasitic worms
arthropods
transmit by biting
arachnid/insects
a = 8 legs
spiders/scorpians/ticks/mites
i = 6 legs
lice/fleas/flies/mosquitoes
disinfectant
chemical agent used on inanimate objects to destroy microorganisms (does not kill spores)
antiseptic
chemical agent that can safely be used externally on living tissue
antibiotic
secretion form bacterium or fungus that is antibacterial in action
5 modes of action for antibiotics
1. inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. disrupt cell membrane function
3. inhibit protein synthesis
4. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
5. antimetabolites
bacteria
-easiest to kill
-because prokaryotic
viruses
-hardest to kill
-because they're inside cell
normal flora
organisms normally associated with body and usually do not cause disease
-opportunistic
acute
sudden onset/short duration
chronic
lasts a long time
latent infection
periods of dormancy between breakouts
local infection
affects on region of the body
systemic infection
widespread affecting organ systems
primary infection
infects a previously healthy person
secondary infection
follows a primary infection in a weakened individual
5 stages of diseases
1. incubation period (no signs/symptoms)
2. prodromal phase (vague symptoms)
3. invasive phase (most severe signs/symptoms)
4. decline phase (declining signs/symptoms)
5. convalescence period (feeling better but not 100%)
reservoirs of infection
human
-aids
animal
-zoonoses
nonliving
-water
-air
-food
portals of entry/exit
-eyes
-ears
-nose
-mouth
-skin/broken skin
-mammory glands
-vagina/urethra/testes
-anus
-placenta
modes of transmission: contact
-direct: touch reservoir
-indirect: contaminated object
-droplet: nasal secretions, close proximity
modes of transmission: vehicle
-water
-food
-air
modes of transmission: vector
-mechanical (flies/roaches)
-biological (specific relationship/biting-malaria)
innate
nonspecific, defenses you are born with that fight infection in a general sense
physical barriers
-skin (keratin)
-mucous membranes (trap invading organisms)
chemical barriers
-salt (tears/persperation)
-lysozyme (body fluids)
-acidic pH (stomach acid/oils)
phagocytosis
eat/engulf other materials
interferons
antiviral protein (AVP)
-interferon binds to surface of neighboring cell
-cell stimulated to produce antiviral protein
-antiviral proteins block viral replication
antibody
protein produced by host to combat foreign antigens
b-cell
produced in bone marrow, patrol body looking for antigens and produce antibodies
t-cell
-mature in thymus
-help b-cells produce antibodies
neutralization
ties up binding sites on the pathogen
opsonization
speeds up phagocytosis
complement activation
pokes holes in membranes of pathogen
active natural
-exposure
-getting sick
active artificail
immunization
passive natural
maternal antibodies
passive artificial
antibodies from other sources
killed
contains dead/inactive pathogens
-5-10 yrs
toxoids
inactivated toxins from pathogens
-10 yrs
subunit
antigens from surface
-5-10 yrs
live attenuated
live but weakened pathogens
-longest immunity
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