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Bio Test #4

Terms in this set (41)

Differentiation
Cellular differentiation - cell structure and
function changes in different ways in
different cells.
Three germ layers of the early embryo that form the body and tell what parts of the body they will become?
gastrula- 3 layers
• Ectoderm- outer layer of cells
• Endoderm- inner layer of cell
• A middle mesoderm layer is formed
List the organs of the digestive tract that collectively form the alimentary canal.
Digestive tract = Alimentary canal
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Accessory
organs
• Liver
• pancreas
• Gall bladder
Describe two types of digestion and what role the mouth, stomach, and intestines have in the breakdown of food
Mouth- mechanical and
chemical breakdown of
food begins.

Stomach- chemical breakdown continues enhanced by muscular contractions that churn the food solution.

Duodenum ( first 10 cm of small intestine) complete chemical breakdown of food using enzymes made in the pancreas.
Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place? Once nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream, where do they go?
80% of all nutrient molecules move into the blood supply
while in the small intestine.
What is the function of the large intestine
Large Intestine - The body recollects water
used in the chemical breakdown of the
food, and the waste is solidified. The
remaining material is undigested material.

Large Intestine acts like a trash compactor
and dryer, forming solid waste.

The rectum is a temporary storage site for
solid waste.
Peristalsis
Wave of muscular contractions
that move food through the
digestive tract.
Describe how the livery functions to aid in processing our food and delivering it to our cells.
The blood vessels that absorb
food nutrients all lead directly to the liver.

The liver - Detoxifies the blood contents.
How does the pancreas act to aid in food processing?
Too many carbohydrates in the blood vessel tell the body to
secrete INSULIN which will carry it away. This unused
sugar will eventually be stored as fat.

After insulin takes away the blood sugar we may
experience low blood sugar ( headache, moody, very
hungry) and we find that we want to eat more
carbohydrates again.
What is the main function of the Cardiovascular system?
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Name the four chambers of the heart and describe their function.
- Right side carries un- oxygenated blood.

- Left side carries oxygenated blood.

- Upper collecting chambers are Atria.

- Lower pumping chambers are Ventricles.
Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation, and which side of the heart pushes the blood for each.
Blood travels through Heart twice during a complete trip through the
body.

Pulmonary circulation- Blood in right side
of heart is pumped to lungs. Blood becomes
oxygenated (picks up Oxygen) in lungs and returns
to left side of heart.

Systemic Circulation- Blood from left side of heart is pumped
to ALL body cells.Blood delivers Oxygen, and picks up Carbon dioxide at cells and returns to right side of heart.
What is the function of valves and where are they located?
Valves: One way doors in Heart
and Veins.

Valves of the heart prevent blood from going backwards when the
heart relaxes.

The closing of the heart valves creates the "heart beat" sound.

Valves in veins stop blood from falling backwards.
Name the three types of blood vessels and describe what happens in each.
1. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart.

2. Veins - carry blood toward the heart.

3. Capillaries - connect arteries and veins.

They allow materials to diffuse between blood and cells.
What materials are carried in the blood that the cells need?
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How does heart rate indicate the strength of the heart?
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What does blood pressure mean? What do the terms systole and diastole mean?
Blood Pressure: measures the force exerted by the blood on the artery walls.

Systole - contraction of the heart, higher pressure of blood in blood vessels.

Diastole- relaxation of the heart, filling with blood, lower pressure of blood in blood vessels.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Delivers Oxygen to blood, and picks up Carbon Dioxide waste from
blood. (gas exchange)
Describe the organs involved in the pathway of air into and out of the body.
1. Nose and Mouth - air is warmed, moistened, and
filtered.

2. Trachea - traps dust, pollen, bacteria, viruses in mucus and pushes it
out with cilia.

3. Bronchi - first branches into right or left lung.

4. Bronchioles - branch smaller and smaller through lung.

5. Alveoli - tiny air sacs for gas exchange.
Be able to describe the effects of Emphysema and Asthma on the body and describe which organs of the respiratory system are diseased.
Emphysema - The alveoli fill up with a sticky tar like resin found in plants. (cigarette smoke, ect.) The tar prevents the alveoli from allowing oxygen to diffuse into blood.

Asthma - a hypersensitivity to airborne materials that triggers the inflammation response in the passageways. Antihistamines reduce
inflammation.
What is the function of the Immune System?
Defense against disease.
Name the two divisions of the Immune system and what distinguishes them?
Many potentially harmful substances in the
water, air,food, and sexual contact.

#1 priority is to keep them OUT of the
body

These mechanisms don't distinguish
between one harmful material and another
Describe the mechanisms of non-specific defence?
Many potentially harmful substances in the
water, air,food, and sexual contact.

#1 priority is to keep them OUT of the
body

These mechanisms don't distinguish
between one harmful material and another
What is Lysozyme and where is it produced?
Antimicrobial chemical called Lysozyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva.
What is Histamine and where and when is it produced?
Inflammation - injured cells call for help
using a chemical called Histamine. Brings
fluid filled with more white blood cells to the
area.
What is a Phagocyte
White blood cells called Phagocytes "eat"
invading bacteria. (pac man style)
What are Lymphocytes?
a cell designed to attack a specific protein) that has a receptor site
matching any of the body proteins is
destroyed. At birth the only lymphocytes that remain
will recognize any protein NOT found in
the body. (foreign)
Describe the steps of Monoclonal selection of B cells.
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What two types of B cells are made and what is their function?
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What types of T cells are made and what is their function?
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What are the methods of becoming "permanently" immune?
Active Immunity comes from exposure to
the Antigen:

Get sick, get over it and you retain
memory cells.

Vaccines give the body some part of the antigen that causes the antibody response of the B and T cells. Your body retains memory cells.
What is "temporary" immunity and how is it acquired?
Acquired Immunity (Temporary) You are given the Antibodies that were made by someone else. These act to bind the invader. These antibodies will break down in the body after a period of time.

- Breastfeeding babies
- Shots before you travel to other
countries.
What is the function of the Nervous System?
Receives Information and Coordinates Responses using electro-chemical messages.
Distinguish between the CNS and the PNS?
Central Nervous
system (CNS): Brain and Spinal chord "decide" what to do
about information received by senses.
- The neurons of the CNS are called INTERNEURONS.

Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS): All the neurons that lead into or out of the CNS.
- Includes two types.
• Sensory neurons
• Motor neurons
What is a neuron? How does it conduct a message?
A nerve cell, Neurons meet at a Synapse, a gap between the
neurons, and send a chemical message to the
next neuron.
What are neurotransmitters? How do they conduct a message?
Neurons use Neurotransmitters to
communicate to the next neuron.
• Chemical signal
released at the end of
one neuron.
• Neurotransmitters
bind to receptors on
the surface of the
next neuron.
Describe the 3 types of neurons involved in a "reflex arc
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Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system. Identify body responses that are characteristic of both systems.
Parasympathetic: relax

• This system returns all body function back
to rest.
"high stress" living puts the body under
constant exposure to neurotransmitters.
The result may be organ damage and
even chromosomal damage.
"stress can kill you" may be more true than
you think.

Sympathetic Motor Neurons: Fight
or Flight
Define somatic motor nervous system.
Somatic Motor Neurons - direct action of skeletal muscle. (voluntary)
Name and describe the functions of the three regions of the brain.
1. Cerebrum - Largest portion, integrates memory, learning, speech, emotions, complex behavior.

2. Cerebellum - Coordinates body movement, learns and remembers motor responses.

3. Brain Stem - Homeostasis control, breathing centers, circulation, digestion, and visual reflexes.
Stimuli from the environment are required for specific regions of the brain to develop. Describe an example of this relationship.
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