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Science

Terms in this set (567)

What are some natural resources?
Sunlight
Fresh water
Trees
Wind
Hydroelectric energy
How are nonrenewable and renewable resources different?
Nonrenewable resources can't reproduce at the rate in which humans use them, renewable resources can.
How did human resources affect the environment?
The resources release harmful gases, hurting the environment.
What is a way that we can reuse nonrenewable resources?
We can reuse nonrenewable resources by recycling them.
Write a summary about the power point.
There are two types of resources and a way to reuse them is recycling them.
What is the equation for force?
F=MA
________ is the rate at which velocity changes over time; an object accelerates if it speed, direction, or both change.
Acceleration
What is Newton's first law motion known as?
The law of Inertia
Who found out about acceleration?
Isaac Newton
_____ is a push or pull.
Force
All flowers go through asexual reproduction. Is this true or false?
True
The anther and the filament are the male parts of the flower. Is this true or false?
True
The stamen is the female part of the flower. Is this true or false?
False
Asexual gamete needs a mate. Is this true or false?
False
In sexual reproduction only one parent is needed. Is this true or false?
False
The septal attracts insects like bees for pollination. Is this true or false?
False
In sexual reproduction it takes less time and energy. Is this true or false?
False
The style holds up the stigma. Is this true or false?
True
The filament makes the pollen. Is this true or false?
False
The colorful leaves of the flower is called the petals. Is this true or false?
True
All humans go through ______ reproduction.
sexual
_________ reproduction takes less time.
Asexual
______ is the female part of flower.
Pistil
The ______ and the ___________ are male parts of the flower.
Anther
filament
The ______ part of flower consists of three parts.
pistil
The anther and filament are part of the _____________.
stamen
Changing the ____ or ________ of the _____ of the force.
Size
Direction
Input
The five types of machines are _____, ________ _____, _____, ______, and ____________.
Wedge
Pulley
Screw
Wheel and axle
Inclined plane
An inclined plane is a ________ _______ _______.
straight slanted surface
MA=
L/M
Simple machines makes work ___________________.
easier
A screw is an ________________ wrapped around a cylinder.
inclined plane
Screws apply a _____ force through the _____ distance it is pushed.
large
short
A pulley is a grooved _____ that holds a ________.
wheel
rope
There are ________ pulleys, ______________ pulleys, ____________ pulleys, and ___________ pulleys.
fixed
movable
block
tackle
A wedge applies an ______ force that is greater than your ________ force.
output
input
1st law
inertia
Force
the tendency for an object to resist change
Acceleration
the product of mass and velocity
Speed
distance travelled per unit of time
M/s²
unit for acceleration
Newtons
The unit of force
Joules
The unit of force
Crest
Wavelength
Amplitude
Trough
Explain the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves.
Longitudnal waves vibrate back and forth and transverse waves vibrate up and down. Longitudnal waves move parallel to the direction of wave motion and transverse waves move perpendicular to the wave motion to wave motion.
List three examples of each type of wave.
Mechanical- Earthquake, ocean waves, guitar and cello strings
Electromagnetic-X-rays, TV and radio signals, and visible light
Longitudnal-Sound waves, Seismic waves, spring
Transverse-Wave moving on a rope, all electromagnetic waves, cell phone waves
How are longitudinal and transverse waves produced and transmitted?
Longitudnal waves are created when particles of a medium vibrate back and forth. It is transmitted by compression and rarefaction. Transverse waves are created when particles of a medium move up and down. They are carried away from its source.
How are waves produced?
When there is a disturbance in particles
Mitosis involves chromosomes. Is this true or false?
True
Homologous chromosomes involve chromosomes. Is this true or false?
True
Is the first phase of mitosis DNA?
False
Cytokinesis means the division of the ________________.
cytoplasm
The human body cells have 47 chromosomes, or 22 pairs of chromosomes. Is this statement true or false?
False
Copying chromosomes ensures that each new cell would be an exact copy of its parent cell. Is this statement true or false?
True
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms: cell cycle and cytokinesis.
Cell Cycle- The cycle of a cell's life
Cytokinesis- The division of the cytoplasm
Tectonic plates
-pieces of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle
-referred to as the lithosphere
-100 km thick
-made up of oceanic crust and continental crust
How many tectonic plates are there?
10
What are the names of the tectonic plates?
Pacific
Antarctic
African
Australian
North American
South American
Cocos
Indian
Eurasian
Nazca


(PAAANSCIEN)
What are the layers of the Earth?
Crust, Mantle, Core
Characteristics of the Core
-made mostly of iron and small amounts of nickel
-almost no oxygen, silicon, aluminum, or magnesium.
-INNER CORE IS SOLID (1,230 km)
-OUTER CORE IS LIQUID (2,200 km)
Characteristics of the Crust
-thinnest layer of the Earth
Characteristics of the Mantle
-thickest layer on earth
-liquid
-that is where magma lies
Plate Boundary where two plates collide
convergent
Plate boundary where plates separate
divergent
Plate boundary where tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally
transverse (transform)
What forms at each boundary?
convergent- mountains divergent- volcanic islands transversal- earthquakes
How fast do tectonic plates move per year?
2.5 cm/year
What are natural resources? Give examples
Any natural material that is used by humans.

Examples: water, trees, petroleum, minerals, sunlight, animals
What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources?
-nonrenewable resources can't form at the rate at which we consume them and renewable ones can
What are fossil fuels? Are they good or bad for the environment? Why?
A fossil fuel is a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago. They are bad for the environment because it creates acid precipitation and smog
What are the effects of global warming?
-polar ice caps melting
-rising sea levels
-less biodiversity in the poles
-flooding
How is a machine used to make work easier?
It changes the size and direction of the force.
How do you calculate net force
Adding up the forces acting on an object in the same direction, and subtract forces in the opposite direction.
wave
a disturbance that transfers energy through matter and space
What causes waves?
a transfer in energy
define medium
any substance through which a wave can travel
How are surface waves formed and how do they travel?
They form from both longitudinal and transverse waves, they move both perpendicular to the rest plane and in the direction of the longitudinal wave
amplitude
Maximum distance a wave vibrates from its rest postition

the maximum positive displacement from the undisturbed position of the medium to the top of the crest
wavelength
distance between two adjacent compressions
refraction
BENDING of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
resonance
when one vibrating object causes similar vibrations in another object that is nearby
trough
the lowest part of a transverse wave
frequency
the number of waves produced in a given amount of time
surface wave
a wave that occurs at the boundary between two media when longitudinal and transverse waves combine
reflection
when a wave bounces back after hitting a barrier

an echo, for example (wave interaction)
longitudinal wave
wave in which particles in the medium vibrate back and forth along the path the wave travels

sound waves in air
transverse wave
wave in which the particles in the medium vibrate in an up-and-down motion

ripples on a pond
wave moving on a rope
crest
the highest point of a transverse wave
"B" in the image
wave speed
the speed at which a wave travels through water or other medium
diffraction
the bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening
how are wavelength and frequency related
when wavelength gets bigger, frequency gets smaller

inverse relationship
label parts of a wave
trough
wavelength
amplitude
crest
mechanical waves
A wave that is NOT capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum
Needs a medium
example--earthquake
electromagnetic waves
a wave that IS capable of transmitting its energy without a medium

light waves
UV radiation
Energy can be carried away from its source by a ______
wave
rest position
the point where the particles of a medium stay where they are no disturbances
A wave with a shorter wavelength has _______ energy than a wave with a longer wavelength
more
Wave speed can be calculated by
wavelength and frequency
If a wave is traveling a certain speed and you double its frequency, its wavelength will be ------------
cut in half
when a wave moves from one medium to another, what happens to its speed
it changes
the amount of diffraction depends on its _______ and the size of ___________________ the wave encounter
wavelength

barrier or opening
constructive interference
when the crests of one wave overlap the crests of another wave or waves
the frequencies at which standing waves are made are called
resonant frequencies
the highest point of a wave is _________ and the lowest is the _________
crest
trough
the _____ is a measure of the number of waves that pass a point in a given amount of time
frequency
Newton's First Law of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed an in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
A golf ball hit by a club
Newton's Second Law of Motion
acceleration depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

ALSO

It is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass
It is easier to push an empty shopping cart than a full one, because the full shopping cart has more mass than the empty one.
Newton's Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
A swimmer's body pushes down on the water, and the water pushes him back to keep him afloat.
Formula and Unit for Acceleration
A=F/M
㎨
Formula and Unit for Force
F=MA
newtons
Formula and Unit for Speed
S=D/T
m/s
A change in a moving object's speed or direction (speeding up, slowing down, turning)
acceleration
Speed of an object in a particular direction
velocity
Change in position relative to a reference point
motion
The distance an object moved over the time in which the motion took place
speed
What causes an object to accelerate?

A. a change in its speed
B. a change in direction of motion
D. all of the above
A. A change in speed
B. A change in direction of motion
**D. All of the above
A satellite orbiting Earth at a constant distance moves at a constant speed. Which statement about its velocity is accurate?

A. The velocity of the satellite is constant.
B. The velocity is changing at all times.
C. There is too little information to know whether the velocity is constant.
B. The velocity is changing at all times.
T or F: An object is in motion if it changes position over time in relation to a reference point.
True
T or F: Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the time the object takes to travel that distance
True
T or F: Changing direction is the only thing that causes an object to accelerate
False
T or F: Speed can be represented on a graph of distance versus time
True
T or F: Acceleration can be represented by graphing velocity versus time
True
The combination of all of the forces acting on an object
net force
The unit used to measure force
Newton
A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses
gravity
A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact
friction
How do you calculate for speed, distance, and time?
S= D/T

D= ST

T= D/S
What is the difference between speed and velocity
Speed is the distance an object can travel in a certain amount of time

the velocity is the speed of an object in a certain direction YOU MUST INCLUDE REFERENCE DIRECTION
How do you correctly label speed and velocity?
speed could be labeled 600 km/h

but the velocity would have to be labeled 600 km/h south (or north, west, east)
How do you calculate net force of forces acting in the same direction?
If two forces are acting on an object in the same direction then they are added together.
How do you calculate net force of forces acting in opposite directions?
When two forces act in opposite directions, you subtract the smaller force from the larger force
The 6 simple machines
Levers, Pulleys, Inclined planes, screws, wedges, and wheels & axles
Example of an everyday simple machines
knife
Work formula
W=FD
During an experiment, a total of 2,000 J of work was done to lift 5m straight up off the floor. What amount of force is needed?
400 Newtons
What does 1 joule equal?
1m times 1N
lever
A bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum
screw
An inclined plane that is wrapped in a spiral around a cylinder
inclined plane
A simple machine that is a straight slanted surface
pulley
A simple machine that consists of a wheel over which a rope, chain, or wire passes
wedge
made up of two inclined planes placed back to back
wheel and axle
a simple machine consistent of two different circular objects of two different sizes
the wheel is larger
turning the wheel results in a mechanical advantage of greater than 1
example of a wedge
knife
example of a pulley
block and tackle
example of a screw
corkscrew
drill
example of a lever
hammer
example of an inclined plane
ramp
What is a sign that work is being done?
The object moves as a force is applied
The direction of the object's motion is in the same direction of the force
What are the units for
Force
Mass
&
Acceleration?
Newtons
Kilograms
m/s
What is work
It is when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.
What are the units for
Work
Force
Distance?
Joules
Newtons
m
inertia
the tendency to resist changes in motion or position
mass
the amount of matter in an object
speed
distance/time
friction
a force that tends to oppose motion
force
a push or a pull
acceleration
the rate of change in an object's velocity
distance
speed x time
velocity
measure of speed in a given direction
simple machine
a device that makes work easier, and has few moving parts
Equation for Newton's Second Law of Motion
Force=mass x acceleration
power is measured in
watts
When forces become unbalanced, ________________ will transfer
energy
How is a machine used to make work easier?
It changes the size and direction of the force.
How do you calculate net force
Adding up the forces acting on an object in the same direction, and subtract forces in the opposite direction.
wave
a disturbance that transfers energy through matter and space
What causes waves?
a transfer in energy
define medium
any substance through which a wave can travel
How are surface waves formed and how do they travel?
They form from both longitudinal and transverse waves, they move both perpendicular to the rest plane and in the direction of the longitudinal wave
amplitude
Maximum distance a wave vibrates from its rest postition

the maximum positive displacement from the undisturbed position of the medium to the top of the crest
wavelength
distance between two adjacent compressions
refraction
BENDING of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
resonance
when one vibrating object causes similar vibrations in another object that is nearby
trough
the lowest part of a transverse wave
frequency
the number of waves produced in a given amount of time
interference
when two or more waves overlap
perpendicular
meaning to be at "right angles" as in a transverse wave
surface wave
a wave that occurs at the boundary between two media when longitudinal and transverse waves combine
reflection
when a wave bounces back after hitting a barrier

an echo, for example (wave interaction)
longitudinal wave
wave in which particles in the medium vibrate back and forth along the path the wave travels

sound waves in air
transverse wave
wave in which the particles in the medium vibrate in an up-and-down motion

ripples on a pond
wave moving on a rope
standing wave
a wave that looks as if it is stationary (not moving)
crest
the highest point of a transverse wave
"B" in the image
wave speed
the speed at which a wave travels through water or other medium
diffraction
the bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening
how are wavelength and frequency related
when wavelength gets bigger, frequency gets smaller

inverse relationship
label parts of a wave
trough
wavelength
amplitude
crest
mechanical waves
A wave that is NOT capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum
Needs a medium
example--earthquake
electromagnetic waves
a wave that IS capable of transmitting its energy without a medium

light waves
UV radiation
three ways to measure wavelength
Crest to Crest
Trough to trough
Start of wave to start
Energy can be carried away from its source by a ______
wave
If there are no particles to vibrate, no sound can travel
true or false?
true
rest position
the point where the particles of a medium stay where they are no disturbances
A wave with a shorter wavelength has _______ energy than a wave with a longer wavelength
more
Wavelength is measured in the same way in a longitudinal and a transverse wave. True or false
true
Wave speed can be calculated by
wavelength and frequency
If a wave is traveling a certain speed and you double its frequency, its wavelength will be ------------
cut in half
when a wave moves from one medium to another, what happens to its speed
it changes
the amount of diffraction depends on its _______ and the size of ___________________ the wave encounter
wavelength

barrier or opening
constructive interference
when the crests of one wave overlap the crests of another wave or waves
the frequencies at which standing waves are made are called
resonant frequencies
the highest point of a wave is _________ and the lowest is the _________
crest
trough
the _____ is a measure of the number of waves that pass a point in a given amount of time
frequency
Newton's First Law of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed an in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
Newton's Second Law of Motion
acceleration depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

ALSO

It is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass
Newton's Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Formula and Unit for Acceleration
A=F/M
㎨
Formula and Unit for Force
F=MA
newtons
Formula and Unit for Speed
S=D/T
m/s
A change in a moving object's speed or direction (speeding up, slowing down, turning)
acceleration
Speed of an object in a particular direction
velocity
Change in position relative to a reference point
motion
The distance an object moved over the time in which the motion took place
speed
Which of the following is a measurement of velocity?

B. 25 m/s2
C. 55 m/h south
D. 60 km/h
C. 55 m/h south
What causes an object to accelerate?

A. a change in its speed
B. a change in direction of motion
D. all of the above
A. A change in speed
B. A change in direction of motion
**D. All of the above
A satellite orbiting Earth at a constant distance moves at a constant speed. Which statement about its velocity is accurate?

A. The velocity of the satellite is constant.
B. The velocity is changing at all times.
C. There is too little information to know whether the velocity is constant.
B. The velocity is changing at all times.
If you were driving a car and wanted to accelerate at a rate of -10 m/s/s, what would you do?

A. Step on the brake
B. Step on the gas
C. Open the windows
A. Step on the brake
It took Jill 5 hours to drive from her home to another city at a speed of 60 km/h. How far was Jill's trip?

A. 300 km
B. 12 km
C. 60 km
300 km
T or F: An object is in motion if it changes position over time in relation to a reference point.
True
T or F: Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the time the object takes to travel that distance
True
T or F: Gravity is speed in a given direction
false
T or F: Mass is the rate at which velocity changes
False
T or F: Changing direction is the only thing that causes an object to accelerate
False
T or F: Speed can be represented on a graph of distance versus time
True
T or F: Acceleration can be represented by graphing velocity versus time
True
The combination of all of the forces acting on an object
net force
The unit used to measure force
Newton
A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses
gravity
A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact
friction
How do you calculate for speed, distance, and time?
S= D/T

D= ST

T= D/S
What is the difference between speed and velocity
Speed is the distance an object can travel in a certain amount of time

the velocity is the speed of an object in a certain direction YOU MUST INCLUDE REFERENCE DIRECTION
How do you correctly label speed and velocity?
speed could be labeled 600 km/h

but the velocity would have to be labeled 600 km/h south (or north, west, east)
How do you calculate net force of forces acting in the same direction?
If two forces are acting on an object in the same direction then they are added together.
How do you calculate net force of forces acting in opposite directions?
When two forces act in opposite directions, you subtract the smaller force from the larger force
How do you calculate momentum?
P=MxV

(in this equation m is mass in kg)
momentum has direction
units: kg∙m/s north (south, east or west)
The 6 simple machines
Levers, Pulleys, Inclined planes, screws, wedges, and wheels & axles
Example of an everyday simple machines
knife
Work formula
W=FD
During an experiment, a total of 2,000 J of work was done to lift 5m straight up off the floor. What amount of force is needed?
400 Newtons
What does a simple machine do?
Makes work easier
What does 1 joule equal?
1m times 1N
The steps to the engineering design process
Define the problem
Do background research
Specify requirements
Brainstorm, evaluate, and choose solution
Develop and prototype solution
Test solution
Communicate results
lever
A bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum
screw
An inclined plane that is wrapped in a spiral around a cylinder
inclined plane
A simple machine that is a straight slanted surface
pulley
A simple machine that consists of a wheel over which a rope, chain, or wire passes
wedge
A pair of inclined planes that move
wheel and axle
a simple machine consistent of two different circular objects of two different sizes
the wheel is larger
turning the wheel results in a mechanical advantage of greater than 1
example of a wedge
knife
example of a pulley
block and tackle
example of a screw
corkscrew
drill
example of a lever
hammer
example of an inclined plane
ramp
What is a sign that work is being done?
The object moves as a force is applied
The direction of the object's motion is in the same direction of the force
Gregor Mendel was known as what?
The father of Genetics
What are genetics?
study of heredity
What is heredity?
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Gregor Mendel discovered how _______ were inherited
traits
DNA is made up of __________ base pairs.
four
DNA is located on each __________
gene
What is a gene?
A specific location on a chromosome
All people have ________ genes for each trait, one from mom and one from dad
two
What are chromosomes?
packaging for DNA

made up of different genes
What are Alleles?
The different forms of a trait that a gene may have
Each parent contains ______ alleles for every trait
two

EX: for hair color, one allele could be for brown hair and one could be an allele for blonde hair
What is a trait?
A distinct characteristic of an organism that is normally inherited (something that you can see)

EX: hair color, eye color
How are Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes related?
DNA------> Genes -------> Chromosomes

several strands of DNA together are a gene, and genes are sections of chromosomes
What is a dominant trait?
The trait that is observed in the offspring (that you can see)
In a Punnett square, dominant traits are ________________
uppercase
What are recessive traits?
Traits that are hidden
In a Punnett square, recessive traits are ___________
lowercase
What is a Genotype?
The gene combination of an organism
What is a Phenotype?
The way an organism looks, the physical make-up

ex: red hair or brown hair
What is sexual reproduction?
Sperm fertilizes an egg to produce offspring

(meiosis)
What is asexual reproduction?
Occurs when 1 organism copies itself to produce offspring

(mitosis)
What is a Punnett square?
A grid system used to predict the possible outcomes of the mating process between two individuals
What does heterozygous mean?
if the two alleles for a trait are different

ex: Aa
Whats another name for heterozygous trait
hybrid
What does homozygous mean?
if the two alleles for a trait are the same

ex: AA or aa
What is another name of a homozygous trait?
purebred
Probability
The mathematical chance of something happening
Heredity
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
Homozygous
A plant or animal with 2 dominant or recessive traits
Heterozygous
A plant or animal with 1 dominant trait and 1 recessive trait
Gene
The instructions for an inherited gene
Recessive
Traits that cannot be seen
Dominant
Traits that can be seen
Chromosome
The structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA
DNA
MOLECULE that is present in all living cells and that contains INFORMATION that determines the TRAITS that a living thing inherits and needs to live.
Phenotype
Physical traits in words
Genotype
Physical traits in letters
XX
Female
XY
Male
The 4 bases of DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine,& Cytosine
Probability
The mathematical chance of something happening
Heredity
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
Heterozygous
A plant or animal with 2 dominant or recessive traits
Homozygous
A plant or animal with 1 dominant trait and 1 recessive trait
Gene
The instructions for an inherited gene
Recessive
Traits that cannot be seen
Dominant
Traits that can be seen
Chromosome
The structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA
DNA
A molecule that is present in all living cells and that contains information that determines the traits that a living thing inherits and needs to live.
Phenotype
Physical traits in words
Genotype
Physical traits in letters
XX
Female
XY
Male
The 4 bases of DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine,& Cytosine
What is a cell?
the smallest unit that can perform all the processes necessary for life
What is a tissue?
a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job
organ
a group of tissues
organ system
a group of organs working together to perform a particular job
organism
anything that can perform life processes by itself
photosynthesis
the process by which plants make their own food
purpose of photosynthesis
making food
Photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water + light =>glucose + oxygen
CO2 + H2O + light +=> C6H12O6 + O2
chlorophyll
a green pigment that absorbs light energy
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
purpose of cellular respiration
to produce energy
Equation of cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + O2=> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle
Animals produce carbon dioxide which is used by plants, who make oxygen that is used by the animals
prokaryotic
cells with no nucleus
eukaryotic
cells that have a nucleus
diffusion
the movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
osmosis
the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high to an area of low concentration
differences in diffusion and osmosis
osmosis involves WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration
diffusion is the movement of other molecules or substances from areas of high to areas of low concentration
active transport
the process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy
why does active transport use energy
so that particles can move "uphill" from low concentration to high concentration
passive transport
the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds the particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle
exocytosis
A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.
graduated cylinder measures ___________ in ______
volume
liters
a meter stick measures _______ in _____
length
meters
a balance measures ___ in ______
mass
grams
a scale measures _______ in________
weight
newtons
What is the cell cycle?
the life cycle of a cell
mitosis
in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
Spindle fibers
Separates the chromosomes
Chromosomes
In eukaryotic cells, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein. In prokaryotic cell, its the main ring of DNA.
Centrioles
Helps with formation of the spindle fibers
Nuclear membrane
dissolves in metaphase and forms around the two new sets of chromosomes in telophase
What is the difference between the cell cycle and mitosis?
Cell cycle-The life cycle of the cell
Mitosis-the process in which chromosomes condense and separate
Interphase
Before mitosis begins, chromosomes are copied
prophase
Chromosomes condense from long strands to rodlike structures
metaphase
When the nuclear membrane is dissolved
and paired chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
anaphase
The chromatids separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell
telophase
When a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the chromosomes unwind.
cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cell's cytoplasm splits
Prophase
When chromosomes condense from long strands to rodlike structures
digestive system
breaks down food you eat into nutrients
major organs of digestive system
stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, esophagus
circulatory (cardiovascular) system
your heart pumps blood through all of your blood vessels
major organs of the circulatory system
heart, blood vessels
respiratory system
your lungs absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide
major organs of the respiratory system
lungs
nervous system
your nervous system receives and sends electrical messages throughout your body
major organs of the nervous system
brain, nerves, spinal cord
skeletal system
your bones provide a frame to support and protect your body parts.
major organs of the skeletal system
bones, bone marrow
muscular system
your muscular system works with the skeletal system to help you move
major organs of the muscular system
3 types of muscles: smooth, cardiac, skeletal
integumentary system
your skin, hair, and nails protect the tissue that lies beneath them
major organs of the integumentary system
hair, skin and nails
parts of a flower
What is a receptacle?
the part of the branch on which a flower forms
sepal
leaf like structures that surround and protect the flower before it blooms
petal
the colorful part of the flower that attracts insects and even other small animals, such as mice, birds, and bats
carpels
the female reproductive structures
pistil
what the carpels fuse together to form
style
the long tube that attaches the stigma to the ovary
stigma
the top of the pistil that is often sticky and is where the pollen attaches
sperm
from the pollen travels down this a tube to the ovules
ovules (eggs)
stored in the ovary until they are fertilized
ovary
where the ovules are stored until fertilization
stamens
the male reproductive structures
anther
part of the stamen that produces pollen
filament
supports the anther of the stamen
fruit
any structure that encloses and protects a seed
Gregor Mendel was known as what?
The father of Genetics
What are genetics?
study of heredity
What is heredity?
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Gregor Mendel discovered how _______ were inherited
traits
DNA is made up of __________ base pairs.
four
DNA is located on each __________
gene
What is a gene?
A specific location on a chromosome
All people have ________ genes for each trait, one from mom and one from dad
two
What are chromosomes?
packaging for DNA

made up of different genes
What are Alleles?
The different forms of a trait that a gene may have
Each parent contains ______ alleles for every trait
two

EX: for hair color, one allele could be for brown hair and one could be an allele for blonde hair
What is a trait?
A distinct characteristic of an organism that is normally inherited (something that you can see)

EX: hair color, eye color
How are Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes related?
DNA------> Genes -------> Chromosomes

several strands of DNA together are a gene, and genes are sections of chromosomes
What is a dominant trait?
The trait that is observed in the offspring (that you can see)
In a Punnett square, dominant traits are ________________
uppercase
What are recessive traits?
Traits that are hidden
In a Punnett square, recessive traits are ___________
lowercase
What is a Genotype?
The gene combination of an organism
What is a Phenotype?
The way an organism looks, the physical make-up

ex: red hair or brown hair
What is sexual reproduction?
Sperm fertilizes an egg to produce offspring

(meiosis)
What is asexual reproduction?
Occurs when 1 organism copies itself to produce offspring

(mitosis)
What is a Punnett square?
A grid system used to predict the possible outcomes of the mating process between two individuals
What does heterozygous mean?
if the two alleles for a trait are different

ex: Aa
Whats another name for heterozygous trait
hybrid
What does homozygous mean?
if the two alleles for a trait are the same

ex: AA or aa
What is another name of a homozygous trait?
purebred
cell
the smallest unit that can perform all the processes necessary for life
tissue
a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job
organ
a group of tissues
organ system
a group of organs working together to perform a particular job
organism
anything that can perform life processes by itself
photosynthesis
the process by which plants make their own food
purpose of photosynthesis
making food
Photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water + light =>glucose + oxygen
CO2 + H2O + light +=> C6H12O6 + O2
chlorophyll
a green pigment that absorbs light energy
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
purpose of cellular respiration
to produce energy
Equation of cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + O2=> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle
Animals produce carbon dioxide which is used by plants, who make oxygen that is used by the animals
prokaryotic
cells with no nucleus
eukaryotic
cells that have a nucleus
diffusion
the movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
osmosis
the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high to an area of low concentration
differences in diffusion and osmosis
osmosis involves WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration
diffusion is the movement of other molecules or substances from areas of high to areas of low concentration
active transport
the process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy
why does active transport use energy
so that particles can move "uphill" from low concentration to high concentration
passive transport
the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds the particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle
exocytosis
A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.
graduated cylinder measures ___________ in ______
volume
liters
a meter stick measures _______ in _____
length
meters
a balance measures ___ in ______
mass
grams
a scale measures _______ in________
weight
newtons
What is the cell cycle?
the life cycle of a cell
mitosis
in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
Spindle fibers
Separates the chromosomes
Chromosomes
In eukaryotic cells, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein. In prokaryotic cell, its the main ring of DNA.
Centrioles
Helps with formation of the spindle fibers
Nuclear membrane
dissolves in metaphase and forms around the two new sets of chromosomes in telophase
What is the difference between the cell cycle and mitosis?
Cell cycle-The life cycle of the cell
Mitosis-the process in which chromosomes condense and separate
Interphase
Before mitosis begins, chromosomes are copied
prophase
Chromosomes condense from long strands to rodlike structures
metaphase
When the nuclear membrane is dissolved
and paired chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
anaphase
The chromatids separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell
telophase
When a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the chromosomes unwind.
cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cell's cytoplasm splits
Prophase
When chromosomes condense from long strands to rodlike structures
digestive system
breaks down food you eat into nutrients
major organs of digestive system
stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, esophagus
circulatory (cardiovascular) system
your heart pumps blood through all of your blood vessels
major organs of the circulatory system
heart, blood vessels
respiratory system
your lungs absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide
major organs of the respiratory system
lungs
nervous system
your nervous system receives and sends electrical messages throughout your body
major organs of the nervous system
brain, nerves, spinal cord
skeletal system
your bones provide a frame to support and protect your body parts.
major organs of the skeletal system
bones, bone marrow
muscular system
your muscular system works with the skeletal system to help you move
major organs of the muscular system
3 types of muscles: smooth, cardiac, skeletal
integumentary system
your skin, hair, and nails protect the tissue that lies beneath them
major organs of the integumentary system
hair, skin and nails
parts of a flower
cell
the smallest unit that can perform all the processes necessary for life
tissue
a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job
organ
a group of tissues
organ system
a group of organs working together to perform a particular job
organism
anything that can perform life processes by itself
photosynthesis
the process by which plants make their own food
purpose of photosynthesis
making food
Photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water + light =>glucose + oxygen
CO2 + H2O + light +=> C6H12O6 + O2
chlorophyll
a green pigment that absorbs light energy
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
purpose of cellular respiration
to produce energy
Equation of cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + O2=> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle
Animals produce carbon dioxide which is used by plants, who make oxygen that is used by the animals
prokaryotic
cells with no nucleus
eukaryotic
cells that have a nucleus
diffusion
the movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
osmosis
the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high to an area of low concentration
differences in diffusion and osmosis
osmosis involves WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration
diffusion is the movement of other molecules or substances from areas of high to areas of low concentration
active transport
the process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy
why does active transport use energy
so that particles can move "uphill" from low concentration to high concentration
passive transport
the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds the particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle
exocytosis
A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.
graduated cylinder measures ___________ in ______
volume
liters
a meter stick measures _______ in _____
length
meters
a balance measures ___ in ______
mass
grams
a scale measures _______ in________
weight
newtons
What happens during Interphase of mitosis?
Before mitosis begins
Cytoplasm
The fluid in a cell
Ribosome
Organelles that make protein
Cell wall
a rigid structure that gives support to a plant cell
Cell membrane
Forms a barrier between the cell and its environment
endoplasmic reticulum
ER
System of folded membranes in which ribosomes are made
Lysosome
An organelle that digests food
Golgi body
helps make and package materials
Chloroplasts
converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into ATP
Organelles
Structures that are usually surrounded by membranes and which perform specific functions for the cell
Cytoskeleton
Keeps the membrane from collapsing and helps the cell move
Vacuole
Aids in Digestion and stores digestive enzymes
Nucleus
Brain of the cell
contains the cell's DNA
Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
Mitochondria
Breaks down sugar to produce energy
powerhouse of the cell
cell
the smallest unit that can perform all the processes necessary for life
tissue
a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job
organ
a group of tissues
organ system
a group of organs working together to perform a particular job
organism
anything that can perform life processes by itself
photosynthesis
the process by which plants make their own food
purpose of photosynthesis
making food
Photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water + light =>glucose + oxygen
CO2 + H2O + light +=> C6H12O6 + O2
chlorophyll
a green pigment that absorbs light energy
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
purpose of cellular respiration
to produce energy
Equation of cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + O2=> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle
Animals produce carbon dioxide which is used by plants, who make oxygen that is used by the animals
prokaryotic
cells with no nucleus
eukaryotic
cells that have a nucleus
diffusion
the movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
osmosis
the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high to an area of low concentration
differences in diffusion and osmosis
osmosis involves WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration
diffusion is the movement of other molecules or substances from areas of high to areas of low concentration
active transport
the process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy
why does active transport use energy
so that particles can move "uphill" from low concentration to high concentration
passive transport
the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds the particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle
exocytosis
A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.
graduated cylinder measures ___________ in ______
volume
liters
a meter stick measures _______ in _____
length
meters
a balance measures ___ in ______
mass
grams
a scale measures _______ in________
weight
newtons
label
vacuole
Golgi comples
lysosome
smooth ER
nucleus
cytoplasm
nucleolus
DNA
rough ER
ribosome
cell membrane
interphase
when the cell grows and copies its organelles and chromosomes
mitosis
the complicated process by which chromosomes condense and separate
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm
organelle
structures that perform specific functions within the cell
cell
the smallest unit that can perform all the processes necessary for life
tissue
a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job
organ
a group of tissues
organ system
a group of organs working together to perform a particular job
organism
anything that can perform life processes by itself
photosynthesis
the process by which plants make their own food
purpose of photosynthesis
making food
Photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water + light =>glucose + oxygen
CO2 + H2O + light +=> C6H12O6 + O2
chlorophyll
a green pigment that absorbs light energy
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
purpose of cellular respiration
to produce energy
Equation of cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + O2=> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle
Animals produce carbon dioxide which is used by plants, who make oxygen that is used by the animals
prokaryotic
cells with no nucleus
eukaryotic
cells that have a nucleus
diffusion
the movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
osmosis
the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high to an area of low concentration
differences in diffusion and osmosis
osmosis involves WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration
diffusion is the movement of other molecules or substances from areas of high to areas of low concentration
active transport
the process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy
why does active transport use energy
so that particles can move "uphill" from low concentration to high concentration
passive transport
the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds the particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle
exocytosis
A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.
graduated cylinder measures ___________ in ______
volume
liters
a meter stick measures _______ in _____
length
meters
a balance measures ___ in ______
mass
grams
a scale measures _______ in________
weight
newtons
What happens during Interphase of mitosis?
Before mitosis begins
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