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Midterm 3

Terms in this set (78)

Which of the following variable is likely to change the most as blood flows through a capillary bed?
A: capillary hydrostatic pressure
B: interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C: capillary osmotic pressure
D: interestital fluid osmotic pressure
A: capillary hydrostatic pressure
At the venous end of a capillary bed, the capillary hydrostatic pressure is 16 mm Hg, the capillary osmotic pressure is 26 mm Hg, the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is 0 mm Hg, and the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure is 1 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure?
-9 mm Hg
Protein starvation can cause edema because:
proteins are necessary to maintain capillary osmotic pressure
High levels of ----- cholesterol are protective against cardiovascular disease
HDL
Concerns about statins have arisen because it has been shown that:
Statins have been shown to be not very effective in preventing heart attack and stroke. Satins cause muscle damage and type II diabetes
What is caused by an embolus?
stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism
Which of the following is not a component of plasma?
A: water
B: ions
C: gases
D: proteins
E: cells
Cells
Erythropoietin is sometimes taken illegally by athletes because:
it increases the blood oxygen carrying capacity
Erythropoietin would likely have the biggest impact on your ability to carry out:
exercise involving slow-twitch muscle fibers
The heme group contains an atom of:
iron
Which of the following is not a cause of anemia:
A: excessive production of Erythropoietin
B: blood loss
C: abnormal hemoglobin production
excessive production of Erythropoietin
The signal that leads to formation of a platelet plug is
exposed collagen in a blood vessel wall
The function of mucus is to:
trap inhaled particles and microbes
In the pulmonary circuit,
Resistance and pressure are both low compared to the systemic circuit
Ventilation is also known as
breathing
When the diaphragm contracts,
the volume of the thorax increases
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions in the plasma
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
increase the rate of breathing
An increase in temperature will
decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Surfactant
helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
You have a certain amount of nitrogen gas in a 500 mL container, where the gas pressure is 100 mL mm Hg. If you transfer all the gas into a 1000 mL container, the gas pressure will now be:
50 mm Hg
While doing yoga, you slow your respiratory rate to 10 breaths/minute and your tidal volume is 500 mL/breath; what is your minute ventilation?
5 L/min
Which of the following breathing patterns would create the greatest alveolar ventilation:
A: normal breathing
B: slow/deep
C: fast/shallow
Slow deep
Which of following factors does not affect the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
A: presence of fluid in lungs
B: alveolar wall thickness
C: concentration gradient of gas
D: availability of hemoglobin in pulmonary circuit
E: all the above
All the above
Which of the following lung pathologies primarily affect gas exchange?
A: asthma
B: emphysema
C: bronchitis
D: histotoxic hypoxia
B: emphysema
Measurements in the nephron reveal a capillary hydrostatic pressure of 69, hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capsule is 15. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 and 0 in glomerular capsule. what is net flomerular filtration pressure?
24 mmHg
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
A: pH regulation
B: blood pressure regulation
C: regulation of body osmolarity
D: excretion
E: all of the above
All the above
The juxtaglomerular complex is involved in
maintaining consistent blood pressure in the glomerulus
The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as
relatively nonspecific, but something can't be filtered
All the following will normally be found in the filtrate except:
A: glucose
B: potassium
C: erythrocytes
D: urobilinogen
erythrocytes
The force causing glomerular filtration is the
blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as:
secretion
In the lumen of the kidneys tubules, Na+ concentration ---- the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall
Is about the same
People with uncontrolled diabetes sometimes have glucose in their urine because
glucose transporters in the kidney become saturated
ADH works by
increasing water permeability in the collecting duct
Which of the following is NOT a way that our bodies lose water to the environment?
A: lungs
B: skin
C: urination
D: defecation
E: all the above
All the above
Stimuli that activate the RAS pathway include:
low blood pressure in the arterioles in the nephron
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by
ACE
When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in
Secretion of ANP
This ion makes the greatest contribution to overall osmolarity in the body:
Na+
Aldosterone will ---- Na+ reabsorption and ----- blood pressure.
increase//decrease
Which of the following substances is NOT transported by blood?
A. gases
B. nutrients
C. wastes
D. hormones
E. all of the above are transported by blood
E. all of the above are transported by blood
Blood leaving the ___________ ventricle enters the pulmonary circuit. Blood entering this circuit is
right; deoxygenated
The force that closes the AV valves is
contraction of the ventricles
Having a "heart murmur" means that:
the heart valves make unusual noises that may or may not be associated with valve dysfunction
Which of the following statements about the SA node is false?
A. it is controlled by the sympathetic branch
B. it is controlled by the parasympathetic branch
C. it does not require nervous system input to generate electrical signals
D. it is controlled by the AV node
E. all of the above are actually true
D. it is controlled by the AV node
Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells are both striated
B. Cardiac muscle cells have a longer refractory period than skeletal muscle cells
C. Cardiac muscle cells are more likely to use anaerobic respiration than skeletal muscle cells
D. Cardiac muscle cells each contain a single nucleus, skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated
E. Cardiac muscle cells have intercalated disks; skeletal muscle cells do not
C. Cardiac muscle cells are more likely to use anaerobic respiration than skeletal muscle cells
In an ECG tracing, the T wave represents:
ventricular repolarization
Junctional rhythm is often caused by:
damage to the SA node
This term refers to disorganized electrical activity and contraction of the heart:
fibrillation
Mylene's stroke volume is 140 mL and her heart rate is 70 bpm. What is her cardiac output?
9800 ml/min
Poiseuille's law tells us that the most important factor affecting resistance to the flow of a liquid or gas is:
diameter of the system
Your patient's blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg. What is her MAP?
90 mm Hg
At the venous end of a capillary bed the capillary hydrostatic pressure is 15 mmHg, the capillary osmotic pressure is 26 mm Hg, the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is 0 mmHg and the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure is 1 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure?
-10 mm Hg
In the last question, does this mean that more fluid is flowing INTO or OUT OF the capillary?
into the capillary
These blood vessels are referred to as a "volume reservoir" and at rest, about 60% of your blood is in them:
systemic veins
Which of the following would not be expected to cause edema?
high levels of protein in the blood
Blood pressure is lowest in:
veins
"Bad cholesterol" that raises the risk of cardiovascular disease is also known as:
LDL-C
High blood lipid levels can cause cardiovascular disease because:
lipids can be deposited in blood vessel walls, leading to the formation of thrombi
Anticoagulant drugs may be used to prevent or treat:
stroke
Blood doping with erythropoietin would be expected to increase:
the ability to transport oxygen in the blood
The role of cilia in the respiratory tract is to:
move mucus out of the respiratory tract and into the throat
In pulmonary edema, fluid accumulates between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. This would be expected to have the greatest impact on:
alveolar gas exchange
The driving force behind ventilation is:
variation in thoracic volume
Which of the following substances does NOT bind to hemoglobin?
A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
C. carbon monoxide
D. hydrogen gas
E. nitrogen
nitrogen
Measurements in a nephron reveal a capillary hydrostatic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule is 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the capillary osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that it is essentially 0 in the glomerular capsule, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?
24 mm Hg
All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT
A. glucose
B. potassium
C. erythrocytes
D. urobilinogen
C: erythrocytes
Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as:
secretion
Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them.
1. afferent arteriole
2. efferent arteriole
3. glomerulus
4. peritubular capillaries
1, 3, 2, 4
In the interstitial fluid, Na+ concentration
________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the kidney tubule wall.
is much higher than
Which of the following is NOT a way that our bodies lose water to the environment?
all of the above are ways that our bodies lose water to the environment
Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include
low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron
Renin is produced by
the juxtaglomerular complex
When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in:
secretion of ANP.
This ion makes the greatest contribution to overall osmolarity in the body:
Na+
Aldosterone will __________________ Na+reabsorption and ____________________ blood pressure
increase, increase
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