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HWH 2nd Semester Final

Terms in this set (58)

Mercantilism
Economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take some wealth away from another country; they thought a nation could gain wealth by mining gold and silver at home or by acquiring colonies that are rich in those precious medals
Adam Smith
write "The Wealth of Nations"; reasoned two natural laws regulate business and economic activity: law of supply and demand, law of competition -> laws and regulations, like in mercantilism, interfered with these natural laws; believed every person should have the freedom to start any business of their choice; believed a person's business should benefit everyone -> created a system of complete free enterprise
Laissez-faire
Belief that government should not interfere with the operations of business; French for let do or leave things alone
Conservatism
They do not want to change existing conditions, they want to keep social stability and tradition
Nationalism
Love of one's country rather than love of one's native region
Socialism
Political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production; advised by reformers in the 1800s; they want to abolish profit notice and competition, believed everyone had a right to the profits
Communism
Economic and political system in which the government owns almost all the means of production and controls economic planning; authoritarian socialism; ignores basic human right; believed my Marxist/radical socialists
Social Darwinism
The application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society, leading to the conclusion that those who have acquired wealth and social standing have done so because of their superior abilities; poverty supposedly proved that people or groups were unfit; lost influence as social problems grew more severe and society's became more complex
White Man's Burden
Attitude that Europeans had toward people in non-western nations; the title of Kipling's poem; motivated Europeans to alter the way of life of countless peoples; Europeans used this idea to justify imposing their own values and cultural ideas in other people
Mobilization
when a nation readies it's army and other resources for combat
Causes of World War II
imperialism, militarism, nationalism, alliance system
Total war
a strategy that was created during the Civil War; targeting the enemy's military and civilian resources; it was also the name of a war in which nations turn all their resources to the war effort, which is what happened during World War I; all woman and children work in factories; it led to the starvation of the citizens
Scientific method
method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of the experiments
Counter-Reformation
a major reform effort in the 1530s that was created to foster a more spiritual outlook in the Catholic Church; it clarified the doctrines of the church and pursued an aggressive campaign against Protestantism
5 themes of geography
location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, regions
describe the theme of geography: location
two aspects-absolute location, deals with the exact sport on Earth that a place occupies, and relative location, describes the position of a particular place in relation to other places; parallels-lines of latitude that are parallel to the equation; meridians-lines of longitude used to measure Earth east and west, prime meridian-runs from pole to pole through the Royal Observatory in Greenwhich, England
describe the theme of geography: place
a location's physical and human characteristics
describe the theme of geography: human-environment interaction
how people have adapted to their environment and how they have made changes to their physical environment, important to historians because it concerns the way people interact with their surroundings and the consequences of such interactions which can lead to people acting together to protect their environment
describe the theme of geography: movement
concerns the interactions of people with one another as they travel, communicate, and exchange goods and services on a worldwide basis; includes an examination of the spread of ideas and the great human migrations that have occurred through the centuries
describe the theme of geography: regions
an area having a specific characteristic or characteristics that set it apart from other regions
Origins of Islam
Muhammad had a vision where the angel Jibreel (Gabriel) ordered him to teach the word of Allah (One God) to the Arabs; the hijrah of Muhammad to Yathrib led to an increase in Islam; Muhammad's followers (Muslims) converted desert tribes, who helped obtain Mecca, which contained the Ka'bah, which became Islam's holiest shrine and focal point for Muslim pilgrimages
Beliefs of Islam
"Say God is One; God the Eternal: He did not beget (have children), and is not begotten, and no one is equal to Him"; the Qur'an presents God's ordinances and teachings as revealed to Muhammad, and it acts as a sacred guide for all humankind; accepts the Torah and Christian scriptures as part of God's revelations; the Five Pillars of Islam; emphasize virtues of temperance, humility, justice, generosity, tolerance, obedience to law, and courage; forbidden to drink alcohol or eat pork; emphasize importance of jihad, the struggle to defend the faith
what are the Five Pillars of Islam
recite the profession of faith: "I bear witness that there is no deity except Allah and that Muhammad is His Servant and Messenger",
pray five times a day facing Mecca,
give alms to the poor,
fast from first light to sunset during the month of Ramadan,
make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if possible
Teachings of Buddhism
believed that the progress of the soul depends on the life a person leads; good is rewarded and evil punished; salvation comes from knowing the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path; stressed ethics, a code of morals and conduct; any person, regardless of caste, could reach nirvana if he or she was good
what are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism
all human life involves suffering and sorrow,
the desire for a life of pleasure and material gain causes suffering and sorrow,
renouncing desire frees people from suffering and helps their souls attain nirvana (perfect peace) which releases the soul from the endless cycle of reincarnation,
the Eightfold Path leads to renunciation or denial of desire and attainment of nirvana
what is the Eightfold Path in Buddhism
right views/seeing life as it really is with all its imperfections,
right intentions,
right speech/avoid lies and gossip,
right action/avoiding unlawful acts and seeking to be honest,
right living which means working at a job that does not harm others,
right effort/working to prevent evil,
right mindfulness/constant awareness of one's self, right concentration/to direct the mind in meditation
Results of the Russian Revolution
a peace treaty was signed at Lenin's direction that took Russia out of World War I which caused Russia to accept harsh terms from Germany and giving them territory; a Communist party formed in Russia which led to conflict with liberals and other socialist factions which then led to a civil war
Divine right of kings
belief that God ordained certain individuals to govern
Effects of urbanization on food demands
demand for food increased because more people moved to the cities
what countries were not taken and allowed independence during the time of imperialism
Liberia, Ethiopia, Siam (Thailand), Japan
what is laissez-faire
the government keeping their hands off of the economy
what kind of government did the Magna Carta,....institute in Great Britain
a limited constitutional monarchy (British democracy)
what did growth of trade in towns bring an end to
the Middle Ages
what are some characteristics of the Renaissance
secular, individualism, loves art, Roman and Greek influence
what type of religion is Islam
monotheistic
what is the term for an empire who gains control over a region through gunpowder and firearms
gunpowder empire
what religions states that we should get rid of all material attachments to the world
Buddhism
who invented the scientific method
Francis Bacon
who founded the Jesuits
St. Ignatius of Loyola
what era were tools like the compass, the astrolabe, the galley, etc. used during
the age of exploration
During the age of exploration, trade moved from the Mediterranean to where
the Atlantic ocean
define favorable balance of trade
when a country exports more than it imports
what did 19 century women become convince they needed
more rights
what two things did nations justify imperialism with
the pseudoscience Social Darwinism, the pseudo-religious belief of White Man's Burden
how was communism and socialism similar
they both believed in economic control by the government
what separated India and Pakistan
their religion: India mostly has Hindus, Pakistan mostly has Muslims
what religion are the countries in the middle East (all the countries that end in -stan)
Islam
what Treaty ended World War I
the Treaty of Versailles
Impressionism
19th-century art movement; artists painted pictures made on the eye in a fleeting instant
what was John Locke's view on Democracy
he supported Parliament; he believed that if a ruler violated natural law and broke the unwritten social contract, the people could overthrow them and replace them with someone who would protect their rights
what happened during the English Civil War
there was a struggle between the King and Parliament, the king was unable to seize control
what effects did the French Revolution have on other nations
it inspired them to start their own revolutions
what happened to France after the Revolution
they became more strict in silencing the ideas of reform
what are some problems with the Industrial Revolution
child labor, longer working hours
who was Mohandas Ghandi
the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule; led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity; helped achieve self-rule for India
who allied with Serbia during World War I
Russia, France, Great Britain
who allied with Austria during World War I
Germany
what allowed President Wilson join in on World War I
Russia withdrew from the war,
Russia said they would sink any ship that helped Germany,
Russia revealed the plan of Germany's agreement with Mexico to help them defeat the United States if Mexico helped them in the war
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