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Genetics Murray Biology

Terms in this set (44)

Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics
Genetics
The study of heredity
Fertilization
Male and female reproductive cells join
True-breeding
Produce offspring identical to themselves
Trait
A specific characteristics such as seed color or plant height.
Hybrid
The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Gene
Chemical factors that determine a trait
Allele
Different forms of a gene
Gametes
Sex cells
Homozygous
Organisims that have two identical alleles for the same trait.
Heterozygous
Organisms that have two different allels for the same trait.
Phenotype
Physical characteristics
Genotype
Genetic makeup
Incomplete dominance
When both alleles in a heterozygous individual will "mix" together like paint
Co-Dominance
When a heterozygous individual will have BOTH traits shown at the same time, but they DO NOT mix to make a third phenotype.
Pedigrees
Are usually done to see if children could get a genetic disorder. Most genetic disorders are recessive.
Multiple Alleles (blood type)
This is when there are more than 2 alleles that control a trait, but only 1 gene controls that trait.
Polygenic inheritance
This is when more than one gene controls a trait. Each gene is contributed equally.
Environmental factors
Can affect polygenic inheritance more genes controlling one trait means that you have more genes to be influenced by outside factors.
Sex-linked traits
There are some traitd om the sex chromosomes that are influenced by gender.
Hemophillia
A disorder on the x chromosome. It's a blood disorder where blood doesn't clot properly.
Dihybrid punnet square
This is usefull for crossing TWO traits at the same time.
Heterotype x Heterotype ratio (Dihybrid)
9:3:3:1 adds up to 16
Incomplete dominance
Makes another phenotype and mixes like paint
Karyotype
When a scientist take a picture of you chromosomes during mitosis and line up your chromosomes according to size.
Autosome
Chromosomes numbered 1-22. These do not code for your gender.
Female chromosomes
XX
Male chromosomes
XY
Dihybrid genotype ratio
A-B- , A-bb , aaB- , aabb
Meiosis
Process that produces gametes and makes 4 haploid cells
Mitosis
Makes 2 diploid cdlls
Diploids
Pairs of chromosomes
Haploid
Half chromosomes
Independent Assortment
When chromatids are sorted into their gametes separate from each other
Linked Genes
Genes that are very close together on a chromosome
Unlinked Genes
Are on different chromosomes or much farther apart, and will separate during independent assortment.
Chromosomal Mutations
Deletion, duplication, insertion, translocation, inversions
Deletion
Where part of a chromosome is deleted
Duplication
Where part of a chromosome is duplicated
Insertion
When a copy of part of a chromosome is onto another chromosome
Translocation
Where part of a chromosome switches places with another part of a different chromosome.
Inversion
When part of the chromosome flips around
Aneuploidy
Abnormal amounts of chromosomes, usually caused by entire chromosomal duplications or deletions
Epigenetics
Switches genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of bein caused by changes in the DNA sequence
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