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ap bio pig functions study guide

Terms in this set (73)

anterior
head region
posterior
tail/hind position
dorsal
top or back
ventral
bottom or front
homologous structures
similar in all species
cells-tissues-organs-organ systems
group together for special functions
muscle
contracting (shortening) fibers
connective
support and connect
ex. bone, ligament, tendons, blood
nerve
carries messages
epithelial
protective surface cover
ex. skin, lining of digestive track
organ systems
groups of organs working together for a common function
axial skeleton
includes the spine, ribs, sacrum, and cranium
appendicular skeleton
includes dones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulders
bone marrow
red or yellow. red produces erythrocytes (red blood cells) and white blood cells
skeletal system
provides structure, support, and protection
muscular system
provides structure, support, and movement
skeletal muscle
attached to bone or tendons. voluntary and striated (banded)
cardiac muscle
striated and involuntary muscles of heart
smooth muscle
not striated and involuntary muscles inside organs and blood vessels
respiratory system
involves all the events in the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide
epiglottis
covers the opening to trachea (glottis) when food is swallowed
trachea
main air tube leading from throat to lungs
diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle which contrasts to inhale and exhale lungs
lungs
made of tiny air sacs called alveoli where O2 and CO2 are exchanged
circulatory system
involves the movement of liquids in the transport of oxygen, food, and wastes through the body
heart
four-chambered pump covered by a membrane or sac (pericardium)
atria (auricles)
top portion. collects blood from body and lungs
ventricles
collect air from atria. more muscular- pump blood to body and lungs
coronary vessels
arteries and veins which nourish heart muscle with food and O2
arteries
thick walled and elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart. largest is called the aorta
veins
carry blood to the heart. contain one-way valves. largest is called the Vena Cava
capillaries
tiny vessels that allow an exchange of nutrients and waste between cells and blood in tissue
spleen
stores red blood cells
excretory system
regulates the removal of wastes and controls the concentrations of chemicals within fluids of the body
kidney
filled with tiny tubes (nephrons) that remove waste from blood
ureter
tube which transfers liquid wastes from kidney to the bladder
urinary bladder
storage for liquid wastes
reproductive system
the production, transport, and development of gametes (sex cells)
testes
male organ for the production of 1N sperm cells
vas deferens
tube that transfers sperm cells to glands for transfer to the urethra and penis
ovaries
female organ for the production of 1N egg cells
fallopian tubes (oviduct)
transfers egg cells from the ovary to the uterus. area where most fertilization occurs
digestive system
breaks down and absorbs nutrients
mouth
palate- roof of the mouth. entrance to the alimentary canal
esophagus
carries food from mouth to stomach by peristalis (waves of muscle contractions)
stomach
composed of 3 layers of smooth muscle. churns food into a soupy material called chyme. begins the breakdown of proteins and kills bacteria with HCl (hydrochloric acid)
small intestine
23 foot tube where the majority of digestion and food absorption occurs
duodenum
first section of small intestine. receives ducts from the liver and pancreas
mesentery
blood vessel rich membrane which holds intestines in place and transfers absorbed nutrients to blood vessels
liver
produces bile for the emulsification (breakdown into small digestible pieces) of fats. also stores sugar as glycogen (animal starch). largest of the internal organs
gall bladder
stores bile from the liver
pancreas
produces digestive juices that break down all three food types. also produces insulin
caecum (appendix)
sac-like beginning of the colon. vestigal organ that breaks down cellulose in herbivores
large intestine
functions mainly in the absorption of water. soupy chyme becomes feces in the colon
rectum
final section of colon where feces passes to anus
nervous system
transmits signals through your body allowing you to carry out all your normal activities
neuron
the billions of nerve cells specialized to receive (dendrites) and conduct or send (axon) electrical impulses
central nervous system
made up of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
all the parts of the nervous system branching off from the brain and spinal cord
immune system
ability to resist and/or recover from disease and injury
pathogens
disease causing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoans) and viruses
skin (1st line of defense)
protective barrier plus anti-bacterial oils and sweat
mucous membranes (1st line of defense)
internal linings trap invaders with mucus
2nd line of defense
fever, inflammation, and activation of white blood cells
macrophage (2nd line of defense)
white blood cells that destroy pathogens
antigen (2nd line of defense)
foreign proteins on pathogens that trigger the immune system
3rd line of defense
activation of specific immune responses
B-cell response (3rd line of defense)
white blood cells from bone marrow. produce antibodies to target and destroy pathogens
T-cell response (3rd line of defense)
white blood cells from Thymus. target and destroy infected cells
immunity
long term resistance to a specific pathogen
vaccination
use of dead or weakened pathogens to trigger the immune response
immune deficiency
inability to fight or survive infections
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus. causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
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