Circuit Terminology Ch. 1

Terms in this set (67)

integrated electronic architecture

iphone is a perfect example, composed of a large number of interconnected circuits

approach electronic analysis and design through a hierarchical arrangement where we refer to the overall entity as this

system's subsystems

devices or components

the individual circuit elements

Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits

fairly complex circuit in its own right, but its input/output functionality is such that usually it can be represented by a relatively simple equivalent circuit, treated like a device

passive devices

devices that do not require an external power source in order to operate, ex: resistors, capacitors, and inductors

devices that cannot function without a power source, ex: transistor or an IC

electric circuit

one composed of passive devices, a complete or partical path over which current may flow, path may be physical sturcture or unbounded channel carriying electrons throuht it, in addition to voltage and current sources and possibly some types of switches

electronic circuit

has become synonymous with transistors and other active devices

we develop an understanding of how a given circuit works, dealing with a single circuit with a specific set of operational characteristics

a circuit as having an input

a circuit as having an output

synthesis or design

process usually starts by defining the operational specifications that a gadget or system should meet, and then work backwards to develop circuits that will satisfy those specifications

direct current dc

circuit is one in which voltage and current sources are constant as a function of time

alternating current ac

circuits, sources vary sinusoidally with time

circuit diagram

representing the circuit's electrical configuration

Printed-Circuit-Board PCB layout

displays the intended locations of the circuit elements and the printed conducting lines needed to connect the elements to each other

operational amplifier or op amp

an important integrated circuit, denoted by a triangular symbol, internal wiring not shown

an electrical connection point that connects to only two elements

Extraordinary node

node connected to three or more elements,

a reference voltage node,

when two points with no element between them are connected by a conducting wire,

the trace between two consecutive nodes containing one and only one element between them

any continuous sequence of branches, provided that no one node is encountered more than once

a closed path in which the start and end node is one and the same

elements that share the same current, requiring all nodes along the path containing the elements be ordinary nodes

elements that share the same voltage, which means they share the same pair of nodes

if it is possible to draw it on a two-dimensional plane without having any two of its branches cross over or under one another, if not its non-

direction of electric current, drift

is defined to be the same as the direction of flow that positive charges would follow, which is opposite to the direction of flow of electrons, e -

external to the battery

along this path current flows from the positive terminal of battery to its negative terminal,

electrons attracted to positive terminal leaving atom behind, leaving ion positive charge attracting others electrons, process continues over and over,

the process of sequential migration of electrons from one atom to the next,

conduction current

gives rise to the flow of this through a circuit with electron drift

the actual physical velocity of electrons along the wire, 10^-4 m/s long time about 10 days, but seems like speed of light with transmission velocity, 10^2 faster slower than transmission velocity

transmission velocity

the order of the velocity of light c= 3 x (10^8) m/s, the rate at which information can be transmitted electronically using conducing wires is about 12 orders of magnitude faster than the actual transport velocity of the electrons flowing through those wires

electric current

the time rate of transfer of electric charge across a specific boundary

direction of i, current, is defined to be the direction of net flow of charge positive minus negative, ex: a current of 5A flowing downward is the same as -5A flowing upward through the wire,

cumulative charge

q(t) that has been transferred past that cross section up to time t

movement of electric charge or flow of electrons

is associated with the polarity of charge, a measure of this expenditure of energy relative to the amount of charge involved, and it is always involves two spatial locations, any points in a circuit or any two in space, is not absolute but is a difference, convenient to select a reference point,

reference point is labeled as this, then define voltage at any point in circuit with respect to this, and it is always 0,

when a circuit is constructed in a laboratory, it is used as the common ground point,

in a household electrical network, outlets are connected to three wires, it is connected to the physical ground next to the house which is one of the 3

the standard instrument used to measure the voltage difference between two points in a circuit, as no effect on any of the voltages and currents associated with the circuit, in the ideal case, but its so small as to have a negligible effect on the circuit

to measure the current flowing through a wire this is necessary to be inserted in that path, and the voltage drop across an ideal one is zero

refers to the condition of path discontinuity, infinite resistance, between two points. No current can flow through an open circuit, regardless of the voltage across it, I=0 no matter voltage

constitutes the condition of complete path continuity, with zero electrical resistance, between two points, no matter what is the current, V=0, no voltage drop occurs across a short circuit, regardless of the magnitude of the current flowing through it

single-pole single-throw, SPST switch

simple on/off switch, the On, closed, position acts like a short circuit, allowing current to flow while extracting no voltage drop across the switch's terminals; the Off, open, position acts like an open circuit, the specific time denotes below or above the switch refers to the time at which it opens or closes, ceases is another name for open

single-pole double-throw, SPDT switch

if the purpose of the switch is to combine two switching functions so as to connect a common terminal to either of two other terminals, use this,

power supply such as a battery, across it as we follow the current from the terminal at which it enters denoted with negative sign to the terminal from where it leaves denoted with a positive sign,

a power recipient, such as light blub exhibits this, across it corresponding terminals, positive to negative terminals

passive sign convention

set of assignments of voltage polarities relative to the direction of current flow of devices generating power versus those consuming power

the time of rate of change of energy, p=dw/dt in Watts, W, The power delivered to a device is equal to the voltage across it multiplied by the current through its positive voltage terminal, so now p=vi in Watts

law of conservation of power

requires that the algebraic sum of power for the entire circuit by always zero, with circuit with n elements, which means that the total power supplied by the circuit always must equal the total power absorbed by it

are sometimes assigned ratings to describe their capacities to deliver energy, ampere-hours Ah or kilowatt-hours kWh which represents the total amount of energy it can supply namely, W=vi delta t in hours

equivalent circuit

composed of basic elements with idealized characteristics, offers a circuit behavior that closely resembles the behavior of the actual electronic circuit of device over a certain range of specified conditions, such as the range of input signal level or output load resistance

i-v relationship

linear, that i and v always vary in a proportional manner, so long as R remains constant, i=v/R

a circuit composed exclusively of elements with linear i-v responses,

ideal, independent voltage source

provides a specified voltage across its terminals, regardless of the type of load or circuit connected to it, profile is a vertical line

ideal, independent current source

provides a specified current flowing through it, regardless of the voltage across it, but it cannot do so if connected to an open circuit, profile is a horizontal line

equivalent, ideal voltage source in series with an equivalent resistance

the real voltage source behaves like a combination of these and R usually has a very small value for the voltage source and a very large value for the current soruce

dependent sources

such circuit models incorporate the relationships between various parts of the device through the use of a set of artificial sources aka this, voltage level of this is defined in terms of a specific voltage or current eles where in the circuit

operational amplifier op amp

denoted by the triangular circuit symbol,

voltage-controlled voltage source VCVS

controlling quantity for a voltage

current-controlled voltage source CCVS

controlling quantity for a current, and a parallel analogy exists for VCVS and this

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