CS 1A quiz 1

Terms in this set (74)

from what language did C++ originate?

B --> C --> C++

device that allows the outside world to communicate information to the computer (mouse, keyboard, etc.)

device that allows the computer to communicate information to the outside world (monitor, printer, speaker, etc.)

a list of addressable numbered memory locations that the computer can operate on; used to store and retrieve from the memory location

memory location

single indivisible portion of memory that holds data

the number that identifies a memory location (only 1 address per memory location)

a sequence of instructions for a computer to follow

a series of programs

operating system

used by programmers; allocates computer resources, launches other programs and makes sure they work properly

collection of routines to be used in other programs (input/output, math, etc.)

to be used by end-users

input to the program

natural language

language used by humans; too ambiguous for computers

high-level language

close to natural that is understood by humans (C++)

machine language

list of instructions in binary format that a computer understands (smaller the number, faster & more efficient) (0s and 1s used because using more would be too expensive)

a system program that translates high-level language into low-level language

combines the object code for program pieces with the object code that the compiler produced from the C++ program

set of instructions for a computer to follow (synonymous to a program)

in high-level language

in low-level language (machine language)

executable code

code that can be run on a computer

Rules of programming (3 s's)

syntax, semantics, style

principles of constructing/structuring the program

complies with syntactic rules

illegal program

does not follow syntactic rules

reaming of the program parts

non-syntactic rules of programming

named memory location

data stored inside a variable (variable always has value); compiler removes the variable name and assigns a memory location

name of a variable or any other named construct; must start with either a letter or underscore (any other can be letter, underscore, or number)

identifier style

should be long enough to understand but short enough to be reasonable to type (standard abbreviations)

2 styles of identifiers

C-Style, and Camel Case

terse, abbreviations, underscore to separate words, no capital letters

capitalize first letter of every word, no underscores (more modern)

an identifier recognized already in C++

kind of data stored in the variable

variable declaration

intro of the name to computer (a statement); every variable in C++ must be declared before use; should be declared as close to its use as possible, but before its use (arbitrary until assigned);

variable declaration always contains....

identifier and value

assignment statement

an order to the computer to set the value of the variable on the left side of the equal sign to what is written on the left

a sequence of data to be processed

goes into the program

generated BY the program

console output (an identifier)

insertion operator

<< inserts data into output stream

escape sequence

"\n" ends line on console (synonymous with "endl;"

console input (an identifier) used to give variable user-input values (from the keyboard) ("using std::cin;)

extraction operator

sequence of characters separated by white space (spaces, tabs, new lines)

numbers with fractions or decimals (floating point numbers)

char; stores a single character; declared char VarName

bool used for branching and looping statements; can only be true or false

literal constants

has value and type; an explicitly stated value

gives a name to a value; has to be declared

type compatibility

you cannot store a variable of one type in a variable of another type

a mechanism of calculating new values (has value and type)

expression evaluation

computing the value of the expression

complex expression

consists of operands joined by operators

compound assignment

joins assignment with another operator

2 kinds of code

terse and sparse (terse preferred)

explicitly assigning initial value to a variable

a list of statements in curly brackets

area in program where a variable can be used; accessing a variable outside of the block is an error

conditional constructs

provide the ability to alter the course of statement execution (if-statement, switch-statement, conditional statement)

one if is the body or inside the block of another (inner if and outer if); may be more than 2 if's deep

multiway if-statement

ability to carry out actions depending on the value of an expression; glues if-else statements together

switch statement

implements multiway branches; has "cases" that alter the cout depending on the cin

break statement

terminates the switch statement, execution continues with a statement following switch-block

programming idiom

common way of accomplishing a simple task by swapping values of 2 variables with a 3rd (milk and water glass analogy)

conditional operator

used as an abbreviated form of branching

conditional assignment statement

conditional operator is used to assign value to a variable

unary operators

a single operand (takes precedence)

binary operator

ternary operator

accepts 2 operands

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