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ZOO 4513 chapter 4

Terms in this set (36)

Shaping
The firm of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior by rewarding exact segments of behavior.
Successive approximations
Reinforced are increasingly accurate approximations of a response by a trainer. Example dolphin jumping through hops
Reinforcement schedule
The frequency at which rewards occur for a behavior in operant conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
The animal must respond with the correct behavior a set number of times before behavior is rewarded
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Each occurrence of a behavior is rewarded
Variable ratio schedule
The number of responses required to receive the reinforcement varies randomly
Latent learning
Is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcement to be applied later. Organism learns a new concept in its life, however the knowledge is not immediately expressed.
Social learning
Learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining, and replicating behavior observers in other members of the population
Stimulus enhancement
A type of social learning where an animal is attracted to an object because a conspecific is near it or interacting with it
Local enhancement
A type of social learning where an animal is attracted to a location because a conspecific is there
Observational conditioning
A type of classical conditioning occurring in a social setting. An animal learns a conditional response by observing a conspecific
Goal-directed emulation
Is a social learning behavior where an observer seems to learn by watching a conspecific how a goal is to be achieved
Initiation
An advanced behavior where an individual observes and replicates another's
Tradition
A learned behavior that is stable in a population over time. Monkey washing food in water.
Punishment
Is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency
Positive punishment
When a behavior (response) is followed by a stimulus, such as introducing a shock, resulting in a decrease in a behavior
Negative punishment
When a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a stimulus, taking away a toy
Extinction
When a behavior is inconsequential it will occur less frequently
Reinforcement
Is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency
Reinforcer
The stimulus that increases the probability of a behavior occuring
Positive reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that is appetitive or rewarding, increasing the frequency of that behavior
Negative reinforcement
Occurs wheb a behavior is follwed bt the removal of a stimulus
Sensory learning
Regarded as purely observational learning, hearing older birds songs
Sensorimotor learning
The perfection of the song through practice
Imprinting
Is any kind of phase-sensitive learning that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. Goosling imprinting on konrad
Critical period
Is a phase in the life span during which an organism has heightened sensitivity to exogenous stimuli that are compulsory for the development of a particular skill
Filial imprinting
Is when a young animal acquires several of it's behavioral characteristics from it's parent
Sexual imprinting
Is when a young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate
Habitation
Is a simple form of learning where there is a decrease in an elicited behavior resulting from repeated presentation of an eliciting stimuluspl
Nonassociative learning
Is a change in a response to a stimulus that does not involve associating the presented stimulus with another stimulus or event such as reward or punishment
Classical Conditioning
Is a form of learning in which one stimulus, the conditioned stimulus (CS), comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) usually a biologically significant stimulus such as food or pain
Detouring
Is the ability to determine an alternative route to a goal when the direct route is blocked
Tool Use
Thought to be used only by humans but now seen in other animals as well. Has different definitions to describe it.
Metatool
Tools that are used on other tools
Counting
The ability to count things demonstrates an understanding of the abstract of numbers
Mirror Test
Devised by Gordon G. Gallup, studied to test some animals species consciousness or self-concept
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