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Respiratory System Anatomy ( chapter 21)

Terms in this set (80)

Major function of Respiratory system
Supply body with O2 for cellular respiration; dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration. (Also functions in olfaction and speech)
Pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
Major organs in respiratory system
1. Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi and their branches
6. Lungs and alveoli
Upper respiratory tract
the upper three (outside the thorax) Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx
Lower respiratory tract
the lower three (inside the thorax) Trachea, Bronchi and their branches, lungs and alveoli
Respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
Microscopic structures of respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Conducting zone
ducts to gas exchange sites
Function of Nose
Provides an airway for respiration, Moistens and warms entering air, Filters and cleans inspired air, Houses olfactory receptors.
Nose division
nasal septum
Posterior nasal apertures
open into nasopharynx
Nasal mucosa
**Vestibular, Respiratory, Olfactory epithelium
Vestibular epithelium
**horny layer, hairs, sebaceous and sweat
glands.
Respiratory epithelium
** rich blood supply to warm air.
Olfactory epithelium
** Most superior and rich lymphatic plexus for olfaction
Nasal conchae
Protrude medially from lateral walls
- Increase mucosal area
- Enhance air turbulence
Nasal meatus
Groove inferior to each concha
Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and Conchae
During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucosa
Paranasal Sinuses
four pairs of air-containing spaces. In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Pharynx
Tubelike structure extending from the base of skull to the esophagus; made of muscle and divided into three parts: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx. Pathway for respiratory and digestive tracts
Pharyngeal tonsils
located in the nasopharynx, called adenoids when they become enlarged.
Adenoids
Enlarged pharyngeal tonsils
Nasopharynx
Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during
swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
On posterior wall
Pharyngotympanic (auditory)
tubes drain and equalize pressure in middle ear
Oropharynx
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis. Contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil
Isthmus of fauces
opening to oral cavity
Palatine Tonsils
in lateral walls of fauces
Lingual tonsil
on posterior surface of the base of the
tongue
Laryngopharynx
Passageway for food and air, Posterior to epiglottis
Larynx
Attaches to hyoid bone; opens into laryngopharynx; continuous with trachea. 9 cartilages
Muscles of larynx
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Intrinsic muscles of Larynx
both insert and originate within larynx
Extrinsic muscles of Larynx
insert in larynx but originate on some
other structure
Function of Larynx
Voice production (the vocal box), vocal cords
9 cartilages of larynx
** All hyaline cartilage except epiglottis, corniculate, and cuneiform are elastic
Names of 9 cartilages of larynx
** A single Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), A single Ring-shaped cricoid cartilage, A single Epiglottis-elastic cartilage. Paired cartilages arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
Vestibular folds of larynx
false vocal cords
Other function of larynx
Vocal folds may act as sphincter to prevent air
passage. Example-Valsalva's maneuver
Windpipe
extends from the end of the larynx to the
two primary bronchi
Trachea
Starts at C6 and ends at T4, Has incomplete hayline cartilage rings open posteriorly. Has 3 layers: Mucosa, Submucosa, Adventitia.
Trachealis muscle
a smooth muscle
Carina
Point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
Trachea ends at
right and left main (primary) bronchi..Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than
left
Respiratory Zone begins
as terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles
→ alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs
contain clusters of alveoli
Alveoli
**primary gas exchange structures
Respiratory membrane
** the barrier between which gases are exchanged between alveolar air and blood
Respiratory membrane consists of
** alveolar epithelium made up of pneumocytes type I (simple squamous epithelium), capillary endothelium, and their joined basement membranes
Surfactant
** a component of the fluid coating the respiratory
membrane secreted by pneumocytes type II (Cuboidal cells) that reduces surface tension
Dust cells
** are phagocytic cells (macrophages) found in the
alveolar space
Lungs
Cone-shaped organs extending from the diaphragm to above the clavicles
Apex of lungs
top part lies above the clavicle
Base of lungs
inferior surface of lung that rests on diaphragm
Hilum of lungs
slit on lung's medial surface where primary bronchi
and pulmonary blood vessels enter
Costal surface of lungs
lies against ribs
Medial surface of lungs
facing the mediastinum
Anterior border of lungs
sharp
posterior border of lungs
round
Inferior border of lungs
around the base
Left lung
divided into two lobes —superior and inferior
Oblique fissure of left lung
separates superior and inferior lobes
Lingula of left lung
part of superior lobe, represents the middle lobe
Right lung
divided into three lobes —superior, middle, and inferior
Oblique fissure of right lung
separates superior and middle lobes from
inferior lobe
Horizontal fissure
separates superior lobe from middle lobe
Lungs function
air distribution and gas exchange
Pulmonary circulation of blood supply
low pressure, high volume
Pulmonary arteries
deliver deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary veins
2 from each lung) carry oxygenated
blood from respiratory zones to left atrium of the
heart
Bronchial arteries
provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Pleurae
Thin, double-layered serosa (serous membrane); divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Parietal pleura
on thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, around mediastinum,
Visceral pleura
on external lung surface
Pleural cavity
Has negative pressure
PNEUMOTHORAX
Collection of air in the pleural cavity
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
HEMOTHORAX
Collection of bloodin the pleural cavity
Mediastinum
part occupied by esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels, thymus, and heart
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