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accounting

The 2017 cash flow statement for Apple Inc. is presented below (all $amounts in millions):$

\begin{array}{cc} \begin{array}{c} \text{APPLE INC.}\\ \text{Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows}\\ \text{Year Ended September 30, 2017} \end{array}\\ \hline \begin{array}{lr} \\ \text{ Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year }& \$ 20,484 \\ \text{ Operating activities } \\ \quad \text{ Net income }& 48,351 \\ \quad \text{ Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash generated by operating activities: }& 10,157 \\ \quad \quad \text{ Depreciation, and amortization }& 4,840 \\ \quad \quad \text{ Share-based compensation expense }& 5,966 \\ \quad \quad \text{ Deferred income tax expense }& (166) \\ \quad \text{ Changes in operating assets and liabilities: }& (2,093) \\ \quad \quad \text{ Accounts receivable, net } \\ \quad \quad \text{ Inventories }& (2,723) \\ \quad \quad \text{ Vendor nontrade receivables }& (4,254) \\ \quad \quad \text{ Other current and noncurrent assets }& (5,318) \\ \quad \quad \text{ Accounts payable }& 9,618 \\ \quad \quad \text{ Deferred revenue }& (626) \\ \quad \quad \text{ Other current and noncurrent liabilities }& (154) \\ \quad \quad \quad \text{ Cash generated by operating activities }& \overline{63,598} \\ \text{ Investing activities } \\ \quad \text{ Purchases of marketable securities }& (159,486) \\ \quad \text{ Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities }& 31 ,775 \\ \quad \text{ Proceeds from sales of marketable securities }& 94,564 \\ \quad \text{ Payments made in connection with business acquisitions, net }& (329) \\ \quad \text{ Payments for acquisition of property, plant and equipment }& (12,451) \\ \quad \text{ Payments for acquisitions of intangible assets }& (344) \\ \quad \text{ Payments for strategic investments, net }& (395) \\ \quad \text{ Other }& 220 \\ \quad \quad \quad \text{ Cash used in investing activities }& \overline{(46,446)} \\ \text{ Financing activities } \\ \quad \text{ Proceeds from issuance of common stock }& 555 \\ \quad \text{ Excess tax benefits from equity awards }& 627 \\ \quad \text{ Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards }& (1,874) \\ \quad \text{ Payments for dividends and dividend equivalents }& (12,769) \\ \quad \text{ Repurchases of common stock }& (32,900) \\ \quad \text{ Proceeds from issuance of term debt, net }& 28,662 \\ \quad \text{ Repayments of term debt }& (3,500) \\ \quad \text{ Change in commercial paper, net }& 3,852 \\ \quad \text{ Cash used in financing activities }& \overline{\underline{(17,347)}} \\ \quad \text{ Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents }& (195) \\ \quad \quad \quad \text{ Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year }& \overline{\underline{\underline{\$ 20,289}}} \\ \\ \text{ Supplemental cash flow disclosure: } \\ \text{ Cash paid for income taxes, net }& \$ 11,591 \\ \text{ Cash paid for interest }& \$ 2,092 \\ \end{array} \end{array}

$Apple lists stock-based compensation as a positive amount-$4,840 million-under cash flow from operating activities. Why is this amount listed here? Explain how this amount increases cash flow from operating activities.

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economics

In 1970, Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) had an economy largely based on agriculture. A high proportion of the population worked in farming either to produce crops for self-sufficiency or to sell in local markets. Secondary manufacturing activities were relatively unimportant and the tertiary sector was also small as incomes were very low and people had little spare cash to spend on 'services'. By 2011 , Bangladesh had undergone significant changes. Although 40 per cent of the workforce still works in agriculture, production of goods such as jute, tobacco and food has fallen in relative terms. Manufacturing industries - notably food processing and clothing - have expanded rapidly. Tertiary services such as telecommunications, transport and finance now contribute approximately half of total national output.