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-inability to attain or maintain a penile erection sufficient to complete sexual intercourse
-Psychological causes: anxiety, depression, guilt, stress, feelings of inadequacy, relationship issue
-Physiologic causes: circulatory impairment, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, prostate disease, hypertension, neurologic dysfunction, certain medications, low testosterone levels, alcohol and tobacco use,and liver cirrhosis
-Treatment: identify and manage underlying cause, psychologic counseling, testosterone replacement, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostaglandin E injections directly into the corpus cavernosum, penis pumps, surgical penile implants and vascular surgery -prolonged, painful erection
-not a result of sexual stimulation
-causes: sickle cell anemia, leukemia, trauma, tumors, diabetes mellitus, spinal cord injuries, illicit drugs, and poisonous venom
-urological emergency if lasting longer than 4 hours
-treatment: needle aspiration of blood, injection of medications directly into the penis, surgical placement of shunt, cold application , lower abdominal pressure, surgical repair of trauma, analgesics, sedation, hydration and urinary catheterization -absence of menstruation
-may be primary, secondary or normal
primary-never occured
secondary-ceased
normal-pregnancy, lactation, and menopause
-causes: genetic disorders, congenital defects, hypothalamic tumors, stress, sudden weight loss, extreme reduction in body fat, anemia, chemotherapy, pregnancy, lactation and menopause
-treatment: identify and manage underlying cause -physical and emotional symptoms affecting many women for reasons not fully understood
-manifestations: irritability, depression, fatigue, headache, abdominal bloating, joint pain, breast tenderness, weight gain, sleep disturbances before menstuation
-treatment: hormone therapy, diuretics, antidepressants, analgesics, comfort measures, not allowing caffeine, soda, chocolate, fat, processed sugars and alcohol -bladder protrudes into the anterior wall of the vagina
-causes: weakened pelvic support resulting from excessive straining(child birth, chronic, constipation, and heavy lifting)
-manifestations: may be asymptomatic, visualization of the bladder from the vaginal opening, feeling of fullness in the pelvis or vagina, stress incontinence, retention, frequency, urgency, and pain or urine leakage during sexual intercourse
-treatment: pessary devices(device that holds bladder up in the right place) surgical repair, estrogen therapy (postmenopausal), incontinence interventions, kegel exercises, and avoidance of straining -firm rubbery growth myometrium
-most common benign tumors in women
-most frequent in african americans
-cause: unknown, but most seem to grow during menstruation years in the presence of estrogen and shrink after menopause
-usually occur as multiple well-defined, unencapsulated masses/ range from microscopic to weighing several pounds
-manifestations: asymptomatic, menorrhagia; pain in the pelvis, back, or legs; urinary frequency and retention; urinary tract infections; constipation; abdominal distension; pain during sexual intercourse; and anemia
-treatment: may not be required, monitoring hormone therapy, analgesics, surgery, myolysis, endometrial ablation, uterine artery embolization, and anemia treatment -benign, fluid-filled sacs on the ovary, often form during the ovulation process
-may rupture, causing discomfort
-manifestions: asymptomatic, abdominal pain or discomfort, abnormal menstrual bleeding, and abdominal distension
-treatment: may not be required, hormone therapy, analgesics, manage metabolic and other disorders, and surgery -multiple cysts in breasts
-firm, movable masses that become more prominent and painful during period
-more frequent during childbearing years
-manifestations: dense, irregular and bumpy breast tissue; dull, heavy breast pain and tenderness; feeling of breast fullness; and occasional non-bloody nipple discharge
-treatment: usually not required, needle aspiration of fluid, surgical removal of cysts, analgesics, a supportive bra, heat/cold application, limitation of dietary fat, avoidance of caffeine, vitamin E and B6, evening primrose oil and oral contraceptives -bacterial infection
-breast tissue inflammation associated with infection and lactation
-ducts get stopped up
-in most cases, a staphylococcal or streptococcal bacterium is introduced to the nipple through the breastfeeding process
-can occur without lactation
-complications: blockage of milk and abscesses
-manifestations: breast tenderness, swelling, redness, and warmth; malaise, pain or burning sensation continuously or while breastfeeding; and fever
-treatment: antibiotic therapy, adequate hydration, rest, analgesics(pain killer), supportive bra, cold application, adequate milk expression and needle aspiraation -inflammation of prostate that can be acute or chronic
-can be bacterial
-Types of Prostatitis
Category 1: acute bacterial prostatitis, ususally results from urinary tract infection, least common, easiest to diagnose and treat
Category 2: chronic bacterial prostatitis, usually results from recurrent urinary tract infection, relatively uncommon
Category 3: chronic prostatitis/ chronic pelvic pain, no clear etiology and may be noninflammatory, no bacteria are present but immune cells can be found, most common and least understood, symptoms last longer than 3 months
Category 4: asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis- no clear etiology, no bacteria present, but immune cells can be found
Manifestations: dysuria, difficulty urinating(frequency, urgency, nocturia) pain in the abdomen, groin, lower back, perineum or genitals: painful ejaculaations; indications of infections and recurrent urinary tract infections
Treatments: long-term organism specific antibiotic therapy, analgesics, antipyretics, adequate hydration, sitz bath, and prostatic massage -inflammation of epididymis
-causes: ascending bacterial infections or sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and the antidysrhythmic medication amiodarone
-complications: abscesses, fistulas, infertility, testicticular necrosis, and chronic epididymitis
-manifestations: indicators of infection; scrotal tenderness, erythema, and edema; penile discharge; bloody semen; painful ejaculation; dysuria; and groin pain
-treatment: antibiotic therapy, analgesics, ded rest, scrotal support and elevation, cold application, and screen and treat sexual partner -yeast infection caused by the common fungus Candida albicans
-usually occurs as an opportunistic infection that can arise anywhere
-can overgrow with ph changes
-causes: antibiotic therapy, bubble baths, feminine products, decreased immune response, and increased glucose in the vaginal secretions
-manifestations: thick and white vaginal discharge(resembles cottage cheese), vulvar erythemia and edema, vaginal and labial itching and burning, dysuria and painful sexual intercourse
-treatment: antifungal agents, perineum care, resist urge to scratch, eat yogurt with live cultures, practice safe sex, avoid douching, avoid tight fitting clothing, wear cotton underwear, use feminine pads instead of tampons, control blood glucose -infection of female reproductive system
-bacteria usually ascend from vagina
-can be either acute or chronic
-causes: sexually transmitted, bacteria introduced during childbirth, endometrial procedures, and abortions; and bacterial invasion of the blood stream
-complications: strictures, septicemia(blood poisoning), ectopic pregnancy
-manifestations: indications of infection; pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower abdomen or lower back. abnormal vaginal/cervical discharge; bleeding after sexual intercourse, painful dysmenorrhea; amenorrhea, metrorrhagia, anorexia, andd nausea and vomiting
-treatment: antibiotic therapy, screen and treat sexual partners, practice safe sex, avoid douching; treat abscesses, follow-up, infertility evaluation -benign growths caused by a group of viruses called the human papilomaviruses
-HPVs can lead to the development of reproductive and anal cancers
-can occur on the external genitals, cervix and anus
-HPV can have an incubation period that can last up to 6 months
-manifestations: asymptomatic, growths that can be raised, flat, rough, smooth, flesh-colored, white, grey, pink, cauliflower-like, large or barely visible; abnormal bleeding; discharge; and itching
-vaccine available
-treatment: removal using chemicals, cryosurgery, electro-cauterization, laser therapy, or surgical excision, screen and treat sexual partners, and c-section delivery -uncommon cancer
-more common in young (15-35 years old) and Caucasian men
-can occur as a slow-growin or fast-growin tumor
-usually affects one testicle-but can affect both
-metastasis usually occurs to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bone, and brain
-Manifestations: asymptomatic, hard, painless, palpable mass that does not tranilluminate, testicular discomfort or pain; testicular enlargement and gynecomastia
-highly curable even what metastasized to other sites
-treatment: orchiectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation -most common malignancy and second leading cause of cancer death in women
-rates are highest in white women, but African American women are most likely to die from it
-breast cancer can occur in men but it is rare
-most originate in the duct system, but it may arise in the lobules
-early the tumor is freely moving but becomes fixed as cancer progresses
-most tumors are estrogen dependent
-metastasis can occur to nearby lymph node, lungs, brain, bone and liver
-manifestations: asymptomatic; breast or axillary mass that is hard, has uneven edges, and usually painless; change in the size, shape or feel of the breast or nipple and nipple drainage that may be bloody, clear to yellow, green or purulent
-treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, surgery hormone therapy, coping and support interventions 