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Microbiology Lecture Exam #1

Terms in this set (193)

Who was Hooke
the first to observe and term the word "cells"
who was the first to observe live microorganisms
Van Leeuwenhoek
who is considered the "father of microbiology"
Pasteur
What things did Pasteur contribute to technology
1. developed pasteurization 2. isolated germ for cholera 3. isolated bacteria for anthrax 4. vaccinated for rabies 5. isolated parasite for pebrine 6. discovered that fermenation was done by microorganisms 7 aseptic technique
who was Fleming
penicillin (antibiotics)
Who was Jenner
discovered smallpox vaccine
who was Linnaeus
naming and classification
what are the 3 bacterial shapes
1. bacillus(rod shaped) 2. coccus (circles) 3. spiral
what is the "magic bullet"
(suggested by Paul Ehrlich) a treatment that can destroy the pathogen without harming the infected host (Ehrlich was first to try such chemotherapy "salvarsan")
what is the difference between spontaneous generation and biogenesis?
spontaneous generation: is the formation of life from non-life, biogenesis is the formation of life from life
describe the experiments which led to the adoption of the biogenesis theory
spallanzoni suggested that organisms come from the air. He experimented with a sealed container that was steralized and no life formed. Pasteur experimented with a swan shaped flask that would allow oxygen in it but not microorganisms. This did not reveal life.
what is Koch's Postulates used for
criteria for determining the specific orgnism causing a disease
List Koch's Postulates
1. Pathogen must be found in every case of disease 2. Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3. pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when its innoculated into a healthy susceptible lab animal 4. pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
From what was the name "vaccination" derived?
from the Latin word "vacca" which means cow (when Jenner created vaccine for smallpox using scrapings from cowpox blisters)
what is the appropriate way to write a scientific name?
The Genus is written first and it is capitalized. The species is written second and it is not capitalized. Both names are either italicized for underlined
describe why viruses are considered to be on the borderline between living and nonliving
They don't posses all of the characteristics of living organisms. For example, they are not capable of metabolism, they are not composed of cells and they can't reproduce without a host.
What are the characteristics common to all living organisms
1. composed of cells 2. reproduce 3. adapt to environment 4. grow and develop 5. respond to stimuli 6 metabolism (use energy)
what is binomial nomenclature
a system of clasification organisms that uses 2 names: A genus and a species (set up by Carolus Linnaeus)
what are the general features of bacteria?
1. prokaryotic (no nucleus) 2. peptidoglycan cell walls 3. grow thru binary fission 4. abillity to move (flagella) 5. unicellular 6. basic shapes are bacillus/coccus/spiral
characteristics of fungi
1. eukaryotic (have nucleus) 2. most are multicellular 3. live in moist environments 4. aerobic heterotrophs (require oxygen and obtain nurishment from the environment) 5. reproduction with either sexual or asexual spores
what is the study of fungi/mold/yeasts
mycology
who is joseph lister
discovered disinfection
what is the germ theory and who proved it?
the principle that microorganisms cause disease. This was proved by Robert Koch
which scientists performed experiments that helped to prove biogenesis
Pasteur(swan shaped flask), Redi (meat/maggots), Spallanzani (sealed broth, steralized produced no organisms)
what are the 3 domains
1. eubacteria 2. archeabacteria 3. eukarya
What are the differences between prokarytes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have a nucleus/organelles (prokaryotes do not), eukaryotes have larger ribosomes 80s, (prokayotes 70s), eukaryotes reproduce through sexual recomination and mitosis (prokaytes reproduce through asexual reproduction/binary fission), eukaryotes have different storage and structural polymers (bacteria contain peptidoglycan), and eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes (prokarytes have single, circular chromosomes)
what storage polymer is exclusive to bacteria
peptidoglycan
what does the prefix "phyta" have to do with
algae
why are microorganism important
1)they replinish up to 80% of our oxygen 2)found in our intestines 3)produce food: cheese, bread, wine, yogurt 4)maintain ecological balance
who determined that there must be an invisible organism
Girolamo Fracastoro
who was the first to see bacteria
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
who did an experiment on meat/maggots to help prove the theory of biogenesis
Francesco Redi
who did an experiment on sealed broth in order to help prove the theory of biogenesis
Lazarro Spallanzani
what is cell theory
all cells come from existing cells and all living things are composed of cells
what two men are responsible for cell theory for animals and plants
Theodor Schwann(animal) and Matthias Schleiden (plant)
who are Beadle and Tatum
determined that one gene ->one enzyme "Central Dogma"
what is the study of viruses
virology
what is phycology
the study of algea
what is parasitology
the study of protazoans/parasitic worms
what is the pneumonic for remembering the order of naming and classifying organisms
"Drunken Kings Play Chess on flat Golden Sand" (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum(Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species)
why does fungi pose more of a threat to spoilage than bacteria
it inhabits just about every ecological niche and can grow in high concentrations of sugar, salt and acid
what does osmotolerant mean
can grow in high sugar and salt media (re fungi)
what are the fillaments on fungi called
Hyphae (vegatative found on bottom, aerial hyphae above the surface)
what does coenocytic mean
no septa (or walls) Re: Fungi structure
what is the filamentous mass in fungi or all the hyphae together
mycelium
what type of fungi does not have filaments (hyphae)
yeasts (they are one celled)
what is dimorphism
2 shapes or forms of growth (re: fungi)
describe aerial hyphae in fungi
it is above the surface and contains reproductive spores
what is the term for fungal diseases in humans
mycoses ("myco"=fungus)
what are the three types of mycoses
1. produces allergic reactions 2. produces a toxin that makes humans ill 3. systemic, cutaneous and subcutaneous opportunists
what type of mycoses might affect a person with cancer or HIV
an opportunist (these mycoses usually don't affect a normal person who has a strong immune system)
what are the importances of fungi
1. production of beer/wine/bread 2. antibiotics (penicillin) 3. food spoilage 4. plant diseases (dutch elm disease) 5. biological controls 6. useful tools in genetic and biochemical studies (due to less complex chromosomes)
"yeast, mold and mushrooms" are what type of terms
descriptive (not classification)
fungi contain what type of spores
asexual and sexual spores
when fungi has a symbiotic relationship with another organisms such as an alga what is produced
Lichens (slow growth, where nothing else will grow)
what kingdom is algae in
protista
algae are _______trophs
photoautotrophs (use photosynthesis)
where do algae live
fresh/salt water and soil
algae can be either _____ or _____
unicellular (phytoplankton) or multicellular (marine environments/resemble plants)
how is algae different from plants
they do not have cellulose in their cell walls like plants do
how are algae classified
based on their major photosynthetic pigments (red, orange, yellow, violet, blue)
does algae have flagella?
yes, at least some stage of life (some have 2)
describe protozoans
unicellular, chemoheterotrophs(ingest food), structure includes a pellicle, cytostome and anal pore, classified according to mode of locomotion, asexual reproduction (by binary fission, budding or schizogony), or sexual reproduction by conjugation
what is schizogony
multiple fission
what is a pellicle
cell wall (protozoans)
what is a cytostome
mouth (protozoans)
some protozoans produce a cyst, why?
allows it to live in certain conditions (similiar to an endospore)
Protozoans are "animal like", but what is the vegetative form called?
trophozoite
Algae and Protozoa are part of which kingdom
Protists
what type of protist is chemoheterotroph and which is photoautotroph
protozoa is chemoheterotroph and algae is photoautotroph
what type of protist sometimes forms cysts
protozoa
describe asexual spores
formed by the hyphae of one organism (fungi) (happens more often than sexual spores in fungi)
describe sexual spores in fungi
result from fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus
microbes can come in the form of
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses
what are beneficial purposes of microbes
1. basis of food chain 2. break down of wastes 3. recycling elements (oxygen/carbon) 4. generating oxygen 5. aids in digestion/formation of vitamins 6. food (vinegar/buttermilk/bread) 7. synthesis of chemicals (enzymes, drugs)
what does pathogenic mean
disease producing
who "invented" binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
What does "aureus" mean
golden color
what does "staphylo" mean
clustered arrangement of cells
what does "coli" mean
colon
describe bacteria
are prokaryotes (no true nucleus), are one-celled, have peptidoglycan in walls, reproduce by binary fission, and common shapes are bacillus, coccus and spiral
what is binary fission
dividing into 2 cells
what shape is coccus bacteria
spherical
what are the 3 domains
Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea
what is the similarities and differences between bacteria and archea
Both prokayotic (no true nucleus), bacteria has peptidoglycan. Archaea can survive in extreme conditions and doesn't cause disease.
what are the three types of archea
methanogens(produce methane), halophiles (live in salty water), thermophiles (hot environment)
describe organisms from the "Kingdom" Fungi
they are eukaryotes, can be unicellular or multicellular, have "chitin" in cell walls, produce asexually or sexually and "absorb" organic material
what type of fungi are unicellular
yeasts
what type of fungi are multicelular
mushrooms
describe molds (Kingdom Fungi)
most typical type of fungi, have filaments called hyphae, hyphae form visibile masses called "mycelia"
what are the filaments called that form in mold (fungi)
hyphae
what is the "visible mass" on a mold (ex. as grown on bread)
mycelia
what domain are protozoa?
Eukarya
describe protoazoa
unicellular, movement by pseudopods, flagella or ciliia, absorb/ingest food from environment, sexual/asexual reproduction
an amoeba is a what
protozoa (eukaryote) that moves by pseudopods
what is a pseudopod
false foot
algae are from what domain
eukarya
describe algae
photosynthetic (need light/air), sexual/asexual reproduction, produce oxygen and carbohydrates
what are viruses
noncellular entities that are parasites of cells
what microbes can only be seen with a microscope
viruses
describe viruses
acellular (not composed of cells), very small, made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and can reproduce only by using a host
who determined a classification based on cellular organization
Carl Woese (Bacteria, archae and Eukarya)
what are the 4 divisions of Eukarya
Protists, fungi, plants and animals
who was the first to see "cells" and termed the word "cell"
Robert Hooke (1665)
who was the first to see live microorganisms (bacteria)
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
What experiment did Francesco Redi perform that helped to prove biogenesis
meat/maggots in jars produced microorganisms, if they were sealed they did not. Next: he did the same and instead of sealing the jars, he used a mesh over the top.
was John Needham against or for spontaneous generation and what experiment did he perform
he was "FOR" spontaneous generation. He used a broth and heated it and organisms grew
who disproved John Needhams's broth experiment?
Spallanzani. (did broth experiment but heated "AFTER" sealing and produced NO organisms
Who first suggested biogenesis
Rudulf Virchow
who suggested that cells come from preexisting living cells
Rudulf Virchow
who disproved spontaneous generation
Pasteur (Swan shaped Flask)
who gave us aseptic technique?
Pasteur
what is the purpose for using aseptic technique
prevents contamination
what things were important during the "Golden Age of Microbiology" and what two men played a large part
Fermentation/pasteurization, germ theory of disease and vaccination, Koch/Pasteur
how did Pasteur help the wine industry
discovered that fermination was done by microorganisms and he produced the solution of "pasteurization" to take care of it
what is the germ theory of disease
microorganisms cause disease
what did Lister discover
disinfectant (Phenol kills bacteria)
Who was Pasteur's rival who worked on isolating anthrax?
Robert Koch
who developed steps to identify a microbe causing a disease
Robert Koch (Koch's Posstulates)
who was the first to vaccinate against small pox
Jenner
what is chemotherapy
treatment using chemicals
what are synthetic drugs
produced in the lab
what are antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungus
who suggested the possibility of a "magic Bullet"?
Paul Ehrich
who was the first to perform chemotherapy
Paul Ehrich created "Salvarsan" to treat syphilis
who was Alexander Fleming
Found Penicillin (from fungus)
what is the study of bacteria called
bacteriology
what is the study of fungi called
mycology
what is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
parasitology
what is the study of an organisms genes
genomics
what is the study of viruses
virology
what is recombinant DNA
using microorganisms (bacteria) to make hormones
why is using bacteria preferred in recombinant DNA
1. bacteria is less complex 2. and life cycle > 1 hour so it can grow rapidly
who suggested binomial nomenclature
Carolus Linnaus
in the kingdom protista, what is more "plant" like and what is more "animal" like
algae (plantlike) protozoans (animal like)
protozoans are futher classified according to their
means of movement (motility)
protozoans have a means of
motility (flagella,cilia,false feet)
protozoans are further broken down by means of motility, what are protozoans that have flagella called
archaezoa (ex Giardia)
what are protozoans that have pseudopods called
rhizopoda (ex amoeba)
what are protozoans that have cilia called (aka what phyllum)
ciliophora (ex paramecium)
the kingdom Protista has what type of organisms?
"one-celled" eukaryotic organisms
Archeazoa, Rhizopoda,Ciliophora and Apicomplexa are what type of classifying names
they are the Phylum (which is placed in each category based on its mode of movement) Ex. Protozoans in Rhizopoda have a false foot
how do amoeba move (phyllum Rhizopoda)
with pseudopod (false feet) by cytoplasmic streaming (stream one direction or another)
parameciums move by
cilia (phyllum: ciliophora)
what protozoans move by an obligate intracellular parasite
ones in Phyllum: Apicomplexa
how do protozoans in phyllum Apicomplexa move
they cant move on their own. They are transmitted thru the use of a vector who transmits the organism
Plasmodium vivax is in the phyllum _____ and causes what disease
apicomplexan , malaria
what is schizogany
asexual reproduction with multiple divisions
what is a definitive host/intermediate host
definitive host: where sexual reproduction takes place, intermediate host: where asexual reproduction takes place (for example in the development of malaria)
further classification of algae (kingdom Protista) is based on
their major photosynthetic pigments (chlorophills/Carotenoids/Phycobilins...)
what type of hyphae are on the bottom (in fungi)
vegatative hyphae
kingdom animalia are
multicellular parasites
what are parasitic worms called collectively
Heminths
what phylum are round worms in
Nematoda
what phyllum are flat worms in
platyhelminths
what are examples of round worms (phyllum nematoda)
hookworm, pinworm and trichinella spiralis
what are examples of flat worms (phyllum phatyhelminths
flukes, tapeworms and trematodes
what is the head of a tapeworm called
scolex
what is the body of a tapeworm called
proglottid
what are the reproductive section of a tapeworm
proglottid section
whether we get sick from microbes depends on what two factors
susceptibility and virulence (the measure of how strong a bacteria is to produce a disease)
what is EID
emerging infectious disease
what are examples of EID's
Ebola, HIV, hantavirus
how are microbes used in recombinant DNA
bacteria/viruses are used to implement altered DNA into a host's cell
what is biotechnology
making food or chemicals with microorganisms
what eukaryotic microorganisms affect humans
fungi, algae, protozoa and parasitic helminths
what are helminths
worms
what type of fungi help plants to absorb minerals and water from soil
symbiotic fungi (mycorrhizae)
since fungi require organic compounds they are
chemoheterotrophs
most fungi are
aerobic
fungi, protozoa and helminths are all
chemoheterotrophs
helminths are in the kingdom
animalia
algae are in the kingdom
protist
identification of yeast and bacterial requires
biochemical tests
what type of fungi can be identified by physical appearance (colony, spores)
multicellular fungi
what chemicals do fungi produce that are useful to humans
alcohol and penicillin
describe septate hyphae
has crosswalls(septa) which divide into tiny units
describe coenocytic hyphae
lack septa (no walls)
hyphae grow from
spores
yeasts don't have
hyphae
yeasts reproduce by what method
budding
what is budding
asexual reproduction in yeasts that begins as a protuberance from the parent cell and grows to become the daughter cell)
if a yeast grows aerobically what does it do
metabolized carbs and produces carbon dioxide and water
if yeast grown anaerobically what does it do
ferments carbs and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (used in making wine)
what is dimorphism
2 forms of growth
how are fungi usually identified
by spore type
what is the purpose of bacterial endospores
allow a bacterial cell to survive adverse environments
what are the divisions of Algae
Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chrysophyta
describe algae that is in the chlorophyta division
green algae (seeweeds) that have chlorophyll a and b and store starch
describe the algae that is in the rhodophyta division
Red Algea (sushi)
describe the algae that is in the phaeophyta division
brown algae (harvested for sodium/potassium/iodine)
describe the algae that is in the chrysophyta division
diatoms (boxes w/ lids), some have neurotoxins
who is responsible for "cell theory"
Rudolf Virchow (all cells come from existing cells and all living things are composed of cells)
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