Chapter 2 - Lecture

Terms in this set (69)

all living things are composed of cells and cell products, and (barring creation) cells are derived only from pre-existing cells

95% of the body mass

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

2/3 of the body mass

Basic Chemicals (alkaline)

chemicals that form aqueous solutions with a pH above 7

Acidic Chemicals

chemicals that form aqueous solutions with a pH below 7

Normal blood pH

Biological Macromolecules categories

proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

polymers of amino acids formed by peptide bonds. Assembled by translation

Polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides

important sources of cellular energy

is formed by a replication

are formed by transcription

Parts of a cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

Membrane transport mechanisms

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport-- at the ionic and molecular level

Cell membrane modifications

microvilli, cilia, flagella, and several types of microstructures used to join cells to each other

cellular fuild (cytosol) plus the cellular organelles which are suspended in it

cellular subparts, suspended in the cytosol, that have specific functional roles

Largest cellular organelle

nucleus - contains most of the DNA

Cellular life phases

G1, S, G2, and mitosis

regular nuclear division

sperm and ova formed my Meiosis

a two step process in which the normal chromosome number 46 is reduced by half to 23

Changes in cell size

atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia

process of one cell type changing to another cell type

Differentiation

Metaplasia resulting in more specialized cell types

Genetic Defects

mutations in the DNA of cells resulting in inborn errors of metabolism

abnormality in chromosome number - only one copy

abnormality in chromosome number - three copies

cancer; results from uncontrolled cell division

Malignant neoplasia

life threatening cancer

Benign neoplasia

less noxious forms of cancer

Active Transport

a membrane transport mechanism requiring energy whereby chemical entities can be moved against the concentration gradient

requires carrier molecules and is powered by ATP

an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a 1:2:1 ratio

the cell division event wherein a cell membrane invaginates around two newly formed nuclei to form two separate cells

Begins during Telophase

Dehydration synthesis

simple organic compounds are chemically combined to form biologic macromolecules

Hydrogen is removed from one compound and combines with a hydroxil grounp (OH-) removed from the second compound to form a molecule of water

Differentiation

progression from less specialized cell types to more specialized ones

Primitive, undifferentiated cells that may give rise to various forms of specialized definitive cells

random movement of chemical entities from higher to lower area of concentration

Simple Diffusion

movement of chemical entities through a membrane from higher to lower area of concentration with no carrier molecules

Facilitated Diffusion

movement of chemical entities through a membrane from higher to lower area of concentration with the help of carrier molecules

full chromosomal complement of regular body cells (46) as opposed to the halved chromosomal number of sex cells

cellular engulfment of phagocytosis or pinocytosis by surrounding the material with a cell membrane

movement of phagocytosis or pinocytosis out of a cell

particulate matter

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

an organelle consisting of double cytoplasmic membranes continuous with the nuclear membrane and golgi apparatus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

areas on which ribosomes are currently attached

manufactures proteins for export

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

areas on which ribosomes are not attached

synthesizes lipids and perform detoxification reactions

increase in the size of a structure

Cellular Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

can cause hypertrophy of an organ but the latter can also result from hyperplasia

increase in cell number

an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is insoluble in water

Lipids categories

glycerides, steroids, prostaglandins, phospholipids

formation of sperm and ova with gametes as a result

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

a biological macromolecule composed of nucleotide subunits. The five carbon sugar complonent of each nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA)

a quantitation of the hydrogen ion content of a fluid

1x10^-7 moles/liter is pH7 - neutral

more hydrogen = more acidic = lower pH

the organelle formed of protein and ribosomal RNA which serves as the site of a protein synthesis

nucleic acid synthesis wherein DNA is used as a patter to form more DNA. Precedes cell division so that each daughter cell will have a complete genome

nucleic acid synthesis wherein one strand of a DNA molecule is used as a pattern (via complementary base pairing) for the formation of RNA

transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

protein synthesis = peptide bond formation = using all types of RNA to manufacture protein

Where ADP is turned into ATP. "Powerhouse"

Cytoplasmic sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

No membrane
2 per cell
Do nothing most of the time
Takes part in the cell divisional process

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