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Chapter 2 - Lecture
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Gravity
Terms in this set (69)
Cytology
study of cells
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells and cell products, and (barring creation) cells are derived only from pre-existing cells
95% of the body mass
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
H2O body mass
2/3 of the body mass
Basic Chemicals (alkaline)
chemicals that form aqueous solutions with a pH above 7
Acidic Chemicals
chemicals that form aqueous solutions with a pH below 7
Normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
Biological Macromolecules categories
proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
Proteins
polymers of amino acids formed by peptide bonds. Assembled by translation
Polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides
important sources of cellular energy
DNA
is formed by a replication
RNA
are formed by transcription
Parts of a cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
Membrane transport mechanisms
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport-- at the ionic and molecular level
Cell membrane modifications
microvilli, cilia, flagella, and several types of microstructures used to join cells to each other
Cytoplasm
cellular fuild (cytosol) plus the cellular organelles which are suspended in it
Cytosol
cellular fluid
Organelles
cellular subparts, suspended in the cytosol, that have specific functional roles
Largest cellular organelle
nucleus - contains most of the DNA
Cellular life phases
G1, S, G2, and mitosis
Mitosis
regular nuclear division
Gametes
sperm and ova formed my Meiosis
Meiosis
a two step process in which the normal chromosome number 46 is reduced by half to 23
Changes in cell size
atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia
Metaplasia
process of one cell type changing to another cell type
Differentiation
Metaplasia resulting in more specialized cell types
Genetic Defects
mutations in the DNA of cells resulting in inborn errors of metabolism
Monosomies
abnormality in chromosome number - only one copy
Trisomies
abnormality in chromosome number - three copies
Neoplasia
cancer; results from uncontrolled cell division
Malignant neoplasia
life threatening cancer
Benign neoplasia
less noxious forms of cancer
Active Transport
a membrane transport mechanism requiring energy whereby chemical entities can be moved against the concentration gradient
requires carrier molecules and is powered by ATP
Carbohydrate
an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a 1:2:1 ratio
Cytokinesis
the cell division event wherein a cell membrane invaginates around two newly formed nuclei to form two separate cells
Begins during Telophase
Dehydration synthesis
simple organic compounds are chemically combined to form biologic macromolecules
Hydrogen is removed from one compound and combines with a hydroxil grounp (OH-) removed from the second compound to form a molecule of water
Differentiation
progression from less specialized cell types to more specialized ones
Stem Cells
Primitive, undifferentiated cells that may give rise to various forms of specialized definitive cells
Diffusion
random movement of chemical entities from higher to lower area of concentration
Simple Diffusion
movement of chemical entities through a membrane from higher to lower area of concentration with no carrier molecules
Facilitated Diffusion
movement of chemical entities through a membrane from higher to lower area of concentration with the help of carrier molecules
Diploid
full chromosomal complement of regular body cells (46) as opposed to the halved chromosomal number of sex cells
Sex cells
23 chromosomes
2N
Diploid
N
haploid
Endocytosis
cellular engulfment of phagocytosis or pinocytosis by surrounding the material with a cell membrane
Exocytosis
movement of phagocytosis or pinocytosis out of a cell
Phagocytosis
particulate matter
Pinocytosis
liquid droplet
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
an organelle consisting of double cytoplasmic membranes continuous with the nuclear membrane and golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
areas on which ribosomes are currently attached
manufactures proteins for export
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
areas on which ribosomes are not attached
synthesizes lipids and perform detoxification reactions
Hypertrophy
increase in the size of a structure
Cellular Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
can cause hypertrophy of an organ but the latter can also result from hyperplasia
Hyperplasia
increase in cell number
Lipids
an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is insoluble in water
Lipids categories
glycerides, steroids, prostaglandins, phospholipids
Gametogenesis
formation of sperm and ova with gametes as a result
Mitosis phases
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Nucleic Acid
a biological macromolecule composed of nucleotide subunits. The five carbon sugar complonent of each nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA)
pH
a quantitation of the hydrogen ion content of a fluid
1x10^-7 moles/liter is pH7 - neutral
more hydrogen = more acidic = lower pH
Ribosome
the organelle formed of protein and ribosomal RNA which serves as the site of a protein synthesis
Replication
nucleic acid synthesis wherein DNA is used as a patter to form more DNA. Precedes cell division so that each daughter cell will have a complete genome
Transcription
nucleic acid synthesis wherein one strand of a DNA molecule is used as a pattern (via complementary base pairing) for the formation of RNA
Types of RNA
transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Translation
protein synthesis = peptide bond formation = using all types of RNA to manufacture protein
Mitochondria
Where ADP is turned into ATP. "Powerhouse"
Lysosome
Cytoplasmic sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
Centriole
No membrane
2 per cell
Do nothing most of the time
Takes part in the cell divisional process
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