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Terms in this set (147)
Newton showed that conservation of angular momentum explainsKepler's Law of AreasWhich of the following quantities doesn't appear in
Newton's version of Kepler's Third Law?eccentricityThe
tidal force caused by the Moon at the place on Earth farthest
from the Moon is directedaway from the MoonThe Earth's oblateness is caused byits rotation and the resulting centrifugal "force"The Earth's precession (of the equinoxes) is caused bytidal forces of the Sun and Moon trying to pull
its equatorial bulge into alignment with the ecliptic planeThe one glaring failure in Newton's lunar theory in
Principia (which also frustrated those who came after him)
was his treatment ofthe rate of advance of the Moon's apogeeWho of the following never became embroiled in a feud with
Newton?Christiaan HuygensWhen measuring the shape of the Earth, if one finds the length
of a degree of latitude to be shorter at the poles than at the
Equator, it means that the Earth isprolateThe first expedition to bring back accurate data which
indicated the actual oblateness of the Earth was that headed byGodin, La Condamine, and BouguerThe great controversy over priority in inventing the
branch of mathematics now known as calculus had what
long-term effect?It made the British ineffective in celestial
mechanics until Adams came along in the mid-nineteenth
century.The branch of astronomy that deals exclusively with the motions
of astronomical bodies in space iscelestial mechanicsThe "Moon-clock" idea for finding longitude was finally
successful withMayer and his semi-empirical lunar theoryThe British History of the Heavens was the first
modern star catalogue, based on the work ofFlamsteedThe Royal Greenwich Observatory was established in 1675 for
what purpose?to further the "Moon-clock" method for determining
longitude at sea, mapping the stars and tracking the MoonHalley's hope that observations of the transits of
Venus in 1761 and 1769 would give a highly accurate value for
the length of the astronomical unit (AU) was not borne out
becausethe "black drop" effect made accurate timing of
the beginning and end very difficultWhich of the following anomalies (remember, that means
"something that doesn't fit") was not ultimately
explained by Newton's theory of gravitationextra advance of Mercury's perihelionWhich of the following problems with refracting
telescopes did Newton explain in terms of dispersion of
light into colors?chromatic aberrationThe person who is credited with having first come up
with the solution to the problem of chromatic aberration
(if only partially) -- the achromatic objective -- wasHallThe advantage of the zenith sector over an ordinary
mural quadrant or sextant was itsobserving near the zenith where atmospheric
refraction can be neglectedIn the eighteenth century the best makers of astronomical
instruments were located inEnglandThe "Great Inequality" is a 900-year cycle associated with
a resonance between the planetsJupiter and SaturnA numerical calculation of the orbit of Halley's Comet that
accurately predicted the comet's return in 1759 was carried
out byClairaut, Madame Lepaute, and LalandeThe Trojan asteroids of Jupiter are located at the so-called
"equilateral points" which were found as solutions of the circular
planar restricted gravitational three-body problem byLagrangeThe fact that the "fixed" stars actually shift their
positions on the celestial sphere very slowly because of their
individual motions through space (the shifts we call
proper motions) was discovered byHalleyThe first proof that the Earth goes around the Sun was the
aberration of starlight discovered byBradleyThe term nutation refers tothe motion of the Earth's rotation axis ("nodding")
in addition to precession, caused by the Moon's regressionThe Treatise on Celestial Mechanics which was the high
point of eighteenth-century celestial mechanics was written byLaplaceThe refracting telescope having a convex objective
lens and a concave eyepiece lens is known as theGalilean refractorThe reflecting telescope having a concave primary
mirror and a concave secondary mirror is theGregorianThe approximate date of Bradley is1730Newton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society because ofhis reflecting telescope, the first successful oneWhich of the following did the Royal Society not do in connection with Newton's Principia?pay for its publicationWhich of the following did Newton not do when he became President of the Royal Society?transform it into a thoroughly democratic organization with each Fellow having his sayThe methodology of Newton's Opticks wasmainly inductive, based on experiments -- "experimental philosophy"The Earth's mass is 81 times the Moon's. According to Newton's Laws of Motion, the Earth's gravitational force
on the Moon is in amountexactly the same as the Moon's force on the EarthIn uniform circular motion, which of the following is constant?speedIf two planets have the same mass but different radii, which will have the weaker surface gravity?the larger oneWhich of the following orbits is not a periodic orbit in the two-body problem?parabolaAccording to Newton, an object fired horizontally from above the Earth's surface with exactly the circular velocity
will have the Earth's gravitational force be equal in amount and direction tothe centripetal force required for uniform circular motionNewton showed that Kepler's Law of Areas (Second Law) is actually a result of the conservation ofangular momentumWhich of the following quantities are the ones in Newton's version of Kepler's Third Law?semimajor axis of relative orbit, period, and sum of the massesThe tidal force caused by the Moon at any of the places on
Earth midway between the closest and farthest points relative to the Moon is directedinwards, towards the Earth's centerThe tides that occur when the Sun and Moon form a right angle as seen from Earth (quadrature) are calledneap tidesThe Earth's rotation causes its shape to beoblateThe regression of the Moon's nodes is caused bythe Sun's tidal forces trying to pull its orbit plane into alignment with the ecliptic planeTo measure the shape of the Earth, one can measure the length of a degree of latitude at different latitudes.
If the Earth is prolate, a degree of latitude isshorter at the poles than at the EquatorThe great controversy over priority in inventing the branch of mathematics now known as calculus had what
long-term effect?It made the British ineffective in celestial mechanics until Adams came along in the mid-nineteenth
century.The first expedition to bring back data which indicated the true shape of the Earth was that headed byMaupertuisThe branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of astronomical bodies in space iscelestial mechanicsThe mystery of the "Great Inequality", a 900-year cycle associated with resonance between Jupiter and Saturn, was
solved byLaplaceA numerical calculation of the orbit of Halley's Comet that accurately predicted the comet's return in 1759 was
carried out byClairaut, Madame Lepaute, and LalandeThe shifts of the "fixed" stars' positions on the celestial sphere because of their individual motions through
space are calledproper motionsThe first proof that the Earth goes around the Sun was the discovery ofaberration of starlight by BradleyThe "Moon-clock" idea for finding longitude was finally successful withMayer and his semi-empirical lunar theoryThe star catalogue known as the British History of the Heavens, the first modern catalogue using telescopic sights, was the work ofFlamsteedHalley's hope that observations of the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 would give an accurate value for
the length of the astronomical unit (AU) was not borne out becausethe "black drop" effect made accurate timing of the beginning and end very difficultThe high point of eighteenth-century celestial mechanics wasTreatise on Celestial Mechanics by LaplaceWhich of the following anomalies (remember, that means "something that doesn't fit") was not ultimately
explained by Newton's theory of gravitation?extra advance of Mercury's perihelionThe refracting telescope having a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens is known as theKeplerian or astronomical refractorThe reflecting telescope having a concave primary mirror and a convex secondary mirror is theCassegrainWhich of the following problems with refracting telescopes did Newton explain in terms of dispersion of
light into colors?chromatic aberrationThe person who is credited with having first come up with the solution to the problem of chromatic aberration
(if only partially) -- the achromatic objective -- wasHallThe advantage of the zenith sector over an ordinary mural quadrant or sextant was itsobserving near the zenith where atmospheric refraction can be neglectedIn the eighteenth century the best makers of astronomical instruments were located inEnglandThe approximate date of Bradley is1730Newton himself considered the most productive time
of his life for mathematics and science (natural philosophy)
to have been when he washome at Woolsthorpe during the plague yearsNewton's Principia originatedas a followup to a conversation among members (Fellows) of the Royal Society - Wren, Hooke, and HalleyWhich of the following did Halley not do
in connection with Newton's Principia?write a considerable portion of itThe methodology employed by Newton in his Principia wasa combination of the inductive and deductive methodsThe mathematics of Principia wasalmost calculus, but not quite, yet very difficultAccording to Newton's Laws of Motion, an object
is not being acted on by a net external force so long asits velocity isn't changingWhich is accelerated more by their forces on each
other, the Earth or the Moon? (Earth is more massive
than the Moon.)the MoonUniform circular motion is caused by the operation of acentripetal forceIf two planets have the same mass but different
radii, which will have the larger surface gravity?the smaller oneWhich of the following orbits is a periodic orbit in the two-body problem?ellipseAccording to Newton, an object fired from the Earth
with exactly the escape velocity will follow a trajectory
that is part of aparabolic orbitThe Earth's mass is about 81 times greater than
the Moon's. Then the center of mass of the Earth-Moon
system is locatednear the center of the EarthNewton showed that Kepler's Law of Areas (Second
Law) is actually a result of the conservation ofangular momentumWhich of the following quantities doesn't
appear in Newton's version of Kepler's Third Law?eccentricityThe tidal force caused by the Moon at the place on
Earth farthest from the Moon is directedaway from the MoonThe tides that occur when the Sun, Moon, and Earth
lie nearly along a straight line are calledspring tidesThe Earth's oblateness is caused byits rotation and the resulting centrifugal "force"The Earth's precession (of the equinoxes) is caused bytidal forces of the Sun and Moon trying to pull its equatorial bulge into alignment with the ecliptic planeTo measure the shape of the Earth, one measures
the length of a degree of latitude at different latitudes.
If the Earth is oblate, a degree of latitude isshorter at the Equator than at the polesToward the end of Newton's life he precipitated
the great controversy over priority in inventing the
branch of mathematics now known as calculus; his antagonist wasLeibnizThe first expedition to bring back accurate data
which indicated the actual oblateness of the Earth
was that headed byGodin, La Condamine, and BouguerThe branch of astronomy that deals with the positions
of astronomical bodies on the sky isastrometryThe "Great Inequality" is a 900-year cycle associated
with a resonance between the planetsJupiter and SaturnA numerical calculation of the orbit of Halley's
Comet that accurately predicted the comet's return
in 1759 was carried out byClairaut, Madame Lepaute, and LalandeThe fact that the "fixed" stars actually shift
their positions on the celestial sphere very slowly
because of their individual motions through space
(the shifts we call proper motions) was discovered byHalleyThe first proof that the Earth goes around the
Sun was the aberration of starlight discovered byBradleyLongitude on the Earth is determined bycomparing local time with time at the Prime MeridianMayer's tables of the Moon's motion werecalculated using Mayer's lunar theory with many parameters determined from observation (semi-empirical)Halley pointed out that observations of the transits
of Venus in 1761 and 1769 would give an accurate value
forthe length of the astronomical unit (AU)The Treatise on Celestial Mechanics which
was the high point of eighteenth-century celestial
mechanics was written byLaplaceNewton's theory of gravitation was finally shown
to be incomplete or incorrect when which of the following
was explained?advance of Mercury's perihelionThe refracting telescope having a convex objective
lens and a concave eyepiece lens is known as theGalilean refractorThe reflecting telescope having a concave primary
mirror and a concave secondary mirror is theGregorianThe problem with the refracting telescope that
causes color fringes around images and motivated Newton
to turn to mirrors for the main optical element instead
of lenses waschromatic aberration. The solution to the problem of chromatic aberration
(though only partially) was the achromatic refractor
patented byDollondThe instrument used to discover the aberration
of starlight and nutation was thezenith sectorThe approximate date of Newton is1690Copernicus's models in On the Revolutionssucceeded in getting rid of the equant by adding more epicyclesThe real significance of Copernicus's book On the Revolutions was that itreintroduced the idea of a heliocentric universe and presented arguments for itThe person who changed the title of Copernicus's book
On the Revolutions and added an unsigned preface wasOsianderCopernicus was able to establish the planets' orbital periodsfrom their synodic periods using formulas he developedTycho Brahe used observations of which of the
following to disprove for the first time Aristotle's
doctrine that nothing ever changes in the heavens?the "new star" of 1572One of the innovations introduced into observational
astronomy by Tycho Brahe involved a modification of the
angular scale, called transversals. Those werediagonal lines of dots on the mural quadrant
to make it easier to take precise readingsOne of the reasons that Tycho Brahe was able to obtain
more accurate positions of planets and stars than the
Greeks washis application of a correction for atmospheric refraction from tables he compiledThe Tychonic system of planets was, in a sense, between the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems becauseit had the Sun and Moon going around the Earth and the other planets going around the SunKepler's book which presented his third law of planetary motion wasHarmony of the WorldKepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion (actually the
first to be discovered) states thatan imaginary line from the Sun to a given planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervalsThe size of a planet's elliptical orbit is given by itssemimajor axis aThe first planetary tables that were based on Copernicus's On the Revolutions were thePrutenic TablesWhich of the following discoveries made by Galileo
using the telescope was not highly controversial?there are many stars too faint to be seen with the naked eyeWhich of the following points was not used
by Galileo to argue that sunspots really are on the
Sun's surface and not simply passing in front of it?the spots appear to move across the Sun's disk at a constant ratGalileo's work in which he laid the foundations
for Newton's work by proposing a version of inertia
(later in Newton's First Law of Motion) and presenting
the law of falling bodies in mathematical form wasDiscourses on Two New SciencesDescartes's philosophy, modeled on Euclid's
treatment of geometry, was constructed using thedeductive methodWhich of the following scientific societies
played a role in the events leading to Newton's
writing his Principia?Royal Society of LondonPhilosophical Transactionsis the research journal of the Royal SocietyThe first successful pendulum clock as a precision
instrument for keeping time was invented byHuygensThe large gap in Saturn's ring system was discovered byCassini IThe correct formula for centripetal force was first
published byHuygensThe speed of light was first measured successfully
by Roemer usingthe time delay of eclipses of Jupiter's
moons across the Earth's orbitThe methodology employed by Newton in his Principia
wasa combination of the inductive and deductive
methodsThe problem with the refracting telescope that causes
color fringes around images and motivated Newton to turn
to mirrors for the main optical element instead of lenses
waschromatic aberrationAccording to Newton's Laws of Motion, an object is
not being acted on by a net external force so
long asits velocity isn't changingWhich is accelerated more by their forces on each
other, the Earth or the Moon?the MoonIf two planets have the same mass but different
radii, which will have the smaller surface gravity?the larger oneWhich of the following orbits in the two-body
problem is an unbound orbit?parabolaWhich of the following quantities doesn't
appear in Newton's version of Kepler's Third Law?eccentricityThe Earth's precession (of the equinoxes) is
caused bytidal forces of the Sun and Moon trying
to pull its equatorial bulge into alignment with
the ecliptic planeThe refracting telescope having a convex objective
lens and a concave eyepiece lens is known as theGalilean refractorThe first measurements to show (not very accurately)
that the Earth is oblate rather than prolate were made
by an expedition toLapland led by MaupertuisThe reflecting telescope having a concave primary
mirror and a concave secondary mirror is theGregorianThe accurate prediction of the return of Halley's
comet in 1759 by Clairaut and Mme Lepaute did not
accomplish which of the following?accurately determine the masses of Jupiter
and SaturnThe approximate date of Newton is1690
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