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Chapter 44

Terms in this set (31)

anhydrobiosis
a dormant state involving loss of almost all body water
antidiuretic hormone
a peptide hormone, also known as vasopressin, tat promotes water retention by the kidneys. Produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary; also functions in the brain.
Bowman's capsule
a cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood
collecting duct
the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected fro the renal tubes
cortical nephrons
in mammals and birds, a nephron with a loop of Henle located almost entirely in the renal cortex
countercurrent multiplier system
a counter-current system in which energy is expended in active transport to facilitate exchange of materials and generate concentration gradients
distal tubule
in the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct
excretion
the disposal of nitrogen-containing metabolites and other waste products
filtrate
cell0free fluid extracted fro the body fluid by the excretory system
glomerulus
a ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney
juxtamedullary nephrons
in mammals and birds, a nephron with a loop of Henle that extends far into the renal medulla
loop of Henle
the hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, between the proximal and distal tubules of the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption
Malpighian tubule
a unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, and function in osmoregulation
metanephridium
an excretory organ found in many invertebrates that typically consists of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to external openings
nephron
the tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney
osmoconformer
an animal that is isoosmotic with its environment
osmolarity
solute concentration expressed as molarity
osmoregulation
regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism
osmoregulator
an animal that controls its internal osmolarity independent of the external environment
protonephridium
an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings
proximal tubule
in the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate
renal cortex
the outer portion of the vertebrate kidney
renal medulla
the inner portion of the vertebrate kidney, beneath the renal cortex
renal pelvis
the funnel-shaped chamber that receives processed filtrate from the vertebrate kidney's collecting ducts and is drained by the ureter
secretion
the discharge of wastes from the body fluid into the filtrate
transport epithelium
one or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that carry out and regulate solute movement
urea
a soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide
ureter
a duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder
urethra
a tube that releases urine from the mammalian body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system
uric acid
a product of protein and purine metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste product of insects, land snails, and many reptiles; relatively nontoxic and largely insoluble
urinary bladder
the pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination
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