Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Immunology Terms (cont)

Terms in this set (89)

anthroponoses
- diseases that people get from other people
- has a human reservoir
zoonoses
- infectious diseases that people get from animals either directly or indirectly
- animals are the ultimate reservoir for the disease
True
T/F: About 60% of all pathogens of human beings are zoonoses
False (are not)
T/F: Poisoning/envenomation by animals are also included in the zoonoses category.
True
T/F: Anthroponoses are not considered zoonotic even if it is animal-derived food serving as a vehicle.
salmonellosis
lyme disease
giardiasis
shiga toxin E. coli
West Nile virus
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
List 6 common zoonoses in the USA.
True
T/F: Reportable diseases vary by locality, but the common one is the USDA or Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) list.
True
T/F: Rabis, Leishmaniasis, Cysticercosis, Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, & Echinococcosis are Globally important zoonotic diseases.
False (global)
T/F: Zoonoses are a local problem.
False (viral)
T/F: Colorado tick fever, Japanese encephalitis, Ebola, Monkeypox, Equine encephalitides, Nipah, Hantaviruses, Rabies, Hendra, Rift Valley fever, Herpesvirus B, West Nile virus, Influenza, & yellow fever are all examples of bacterial zoonoses.
False (bacterial)
T/F: Anthrax, Plague, Brucellosis, Psittacosis, Campylobacteriosis, Q fever, Bartonellosis, Relapsing gevers, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Listeriosis, Tularemia, Lyme disease, & Yersiniosis are all examples of viral zoonoses.
True
T/F: Tryanosomiasis, Babesiosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Leishmaniasis, Giardiasis,& toxoplasmosis are example of protozoal parasitic zoonoses while Baylisascariasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, schistosome dermatitis, trichinosis, & larval migrans are examples of helminthic parasitic zoonoses.
True
T/F: Dermatophytoses, Coccidiodomycosis, Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, & Cryptococcosis are all examples of Mycotic zoonoses.
False (cats)
T/F: Bartonella, Toxoplasma, Pasteurella, Yersinia pestic are common zoonoses that are typically only found in dogs.
False (dogs)
T/F: Cestodes, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, & Leptospira are common zoonoses that are typically only found in cats.
True
T/F: Some pathogens require more than one vertebrate species to maintain the pathogen and some require a combination of vertebrate & invertebrate hosts.
True
T/F: Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted through both direct and indirect routes.
prevention of infectious diseases
- inhibiting the introductionor establisment of a disease into an area,herd, or individual
control
- steps taken to reduce the problem to a tolerable level
eradication
- involves complete elimination of the pathogen or the disease-causing agent from a defined geographic region
primary prevention
- avoid occurrence of infectious disease
- aimed at maintaining a healthy population by adopting measures to avoid occurrence of disease either through eliminating the pathogen or increasing resistance to disease
secondary prevention
- primary prevention failed
- minimize resultant damage after disease has occurred
- action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient/early stage and prevents complications
- relies on early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and control, such as quarantine
- intervention at individual level, but prevent spread of diseases to other individuals in a community
- difficult to implement in prolonged asymptomatic infection, incuding asymptomatic carrier states
tertiary prevention
- Both primary & secondary have failed
- consists of rehabilitation, elimination of long-term impairment
farm biosecurity
- biosecurity on a farm comprises all measures taken to minimize the risk of the introduction and the spread of infectious agents
incubation period
- the time elapsed between infection and when clinical symptoms are first apparent.
- microbe is replicating but not symptomatic yet
- does not always correlate with the latent period
True
T/F: Manure, dead animals, deportation of animals, courier for semen drop off, feed, & visitors should take the dirty entrance
False (clean entrance)
T/F: Supply animals in clean trucks and staff should take the dirty entrance.
True
T/F: In most farms, Visitors and Staff should pass through the Hygiene Lock/Dressing Room before entering and leaving the Farm.
decontamination
- term used to describe a process or treatment that renders a medical device, instrument, or environmental surface safe to handle
- procedure can range from sterilization to simple cleaning with soap and water
- Ex. sterilization disinfection & antisepsis
Sterilization
- process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/ pathogens, including highly resistant pathogens, such as Bacteria w/ spores
- it is an all or nothing process
Disinfection
- process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects
- less effective than sterilization
- does not necessarily kill ALL microorganisms
Antisepsis
- the application of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
Moist heat (autoclave)
Dry heat ( hot air oven)
Chemical (ethlene oxide, ozone, hydrogen peroxide)
radiation (non-ionizing UV rays & ionizing Gamma & Xrays)
Sterile filtration
List the different types of Sterilization methods
True
T/F: Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the spread of infection and gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.
personal protective equipment (PPE)
- important routine infection control tool
- use is designed to reduce the risk of contamination of personal clothing or exposure to pathogen
- includes: Gown, mask, protective eyewear/face shield, & gloves
infectious disease
- disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host
infestation
- invasion, but not multiplication of an organisms in/on a host
- fleas/ticks, sometimes parasites
contagious
- disease transmissible from 1 human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes
communicable
- disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, plant or a contaminated inanimate reservoir
zoonotic disease
- disease that is transmitted from animals to humans
latent period
- microbe is replicating but not yet enough for the host to become infectious
entry
host susceptibility
pathogen
reservoir
escape
mode of transmission
List the "Chain" of infection.
reservoir
- habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
- can be humans, animals, or the environment
- can maintain pathogens over time, from year to year or generation to generation
- the habitat in which the agen normally lives, grows, and multiplies
True
T/F: Even though an animal is a reservoir, it can become "susceptible" again, over time due to the pathogen mutating to escape immunity.
balanced pathogenicity
- when pathogens can cause chronic infections within its reservoir with minimal symptoms
False (not all)
T/F: All sick animals are reservoirs.
True
T/F: If you answer Yes to all of these questions, then it is a reservoir.
- Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
- Can that species of animal maintain the pathogen over time?
- Can this source transmit the disease to a new, susceptible host?
Vertical transmission
Transmission type:
- From a reservoir host to its offspring
- congenital & perinatal
- mother to child (birth or lactating)
congenital
- type of vertical transmission
- some pathogens can cross the placenta, infect eggs, etc.
perinatal
- type of vertical transmission
- during parturition via colostrum
Horizontal
Transmission type:
- from the reservoir to new host
- can be direct or indirect
direct horizontal transmission
- transmission that is directly from the reservoir to a susceptible host
indirect horizontal transmission
- transmission via any sort of intermediary, animate, or inanimate
direct contact
- Type of horizontal direct transmission
- skin-skin contact
- mucous membrane contact (include sexual transmission)
- direct contact with a soil reservoir, bite, scratch, etc.
direct projection
_ type of direct horizontal transmission
- droplet spread
- wet, large, and short range aerosols (sneezing, coughing, or talking)
airborne
- type of horizontal direct transmission
- considered to be a form of direct transmission b/c disease agents do not generally survive for extended periods w/in aerosolized particles
vehicle
- an inanimate object which serves to communicate disease
- ex. food, water, contaminated IV drugs, fomites
vector
- a living organism that serves to communicate disease
- Ex. (most) arthropods (mosquitoes, flies, fleas, ants, ticks)
fomites
- object that can be contaminated & transmit disease on a limited scale
mechanical vector
- agent does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in/on the arthropod
biological vector
- agent undergoes changes or multiples while in the vector
- these activities are required for transmission
emerging
- known disease that suddenly appears (emerges) in a new population
re-emerging
- known disease, previously on the decline, that is becoming more common and will likely continue to do so
exposure
- introduction of a new agent into a susceptible population
- Exposure is caused by movement of infectious agents
transmission
- adoption, establishment, and dissemination in the susceptible population
- requires a pathogen that can adapt to, and transmit between, these hosts
intensive agriculture
- a lot of genetically similar hosts, managed under the same conditions, will have the same susceptibility
anthrax
List a disease that can be used for bioterrorism.
removing infected individuals
- infection may be removed from a herd by testing and slaughtering those found to be infected
mass therapy
- usually restricted to a local situation in which all potentially infected animals or people are treated without first testing them to identify infected individuals
environmental manipulation
- a method of reservoir neutralization designed to break the chain of transmission between the portal of exit of the infected host and the susceptible host by reducing survival of the agent in vector or vehicles
Larvicides
- insecticides that specifically targets the larval life stage of mosquitoes
adulticide
- insecticides against adult mosquitoes
isolation
- applies to animals/persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease
- reduces the probability of contact with a susceptible host
- facilitates treatment
- not effective, if detectable pathogen shedding does not occur, as in carriers or during incubation period
- relies on sensitivity of diagnostic tool
quarantine
- applies to those who have been exposed to a contagious disease
- enforced for the longest incubation period of the disease
- not effective with diseases involving chronically infected healthy shedders
population reduction
- may be used to control spread of a zoonosis within a reservoir population
Chemoprophylaxis
- use of antimicrobial drugs
- attempts to prevent infection or, at least, reduce the severity of the disease
- passive means of increasing host resistance, lasting only as long as the drug lasts
- may involve adverse reactions to the drug
- pathogens may be resistant to the antimicrobial
Immunization
- Vaccination
- protect susceptible individuals from infection or disease
- prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population
herd immunity
- a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity
national labs
- have unique resources to handle highly infectious agents and the ability to identify specific agent strains
reference labs
- can perform tests to detect and confirm the presence of a threat agent
- these labs ensure a timely local response in the event of a threat incident
sentinel labs
- represent the thousands of hospital based labs that are on the front lines
- sentinel labs have direct contact with patients
infected premises
- infected zone- presmises where a presumptive positive case or confirmed positive case exists based on laboratory results, compatible clinical signs, case definition, and international standards
contact premises
- infected zone, buffer zone
- premise with susceptible animals that may have been exposed to the FAD agent, either directly or indirectly, including but not limited to exposure to animals
- animal products, fomites, or people from infected premises
infected zone
- zone that immediately surrounds an infected premises
buffer zone
- zone that immediately surrounds an infected zone or a contact premises
control area
- consists of an infected zone and a buffer zone
surveillance zone
- zone outside and along the border of a control area
free area
- area not included in any control area
vaccination zone
- emergency vaccination zone classified as either a containment vaccination zone or a protection vaccination zone
- this may be a secondary zone designation
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...