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Jacksonian Democracy

Terms in this set (32)

Election of 1824
No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."
John Quincy Adams
Sixth president of the United States He was in favor of funding national research and he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. During his presidency the National Republicans were formed in support of him. His own worst enemy.
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest
written by John Calhoun in protest of Tariff 1828, said SC would secede if tariff was not repealed --> led to Henry Clay's Compromise Tariff of 1833
Sectionalism
loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole
Jacksonian Democracy
During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.
Andrew Jackson
Hero of New Orleans, felt cheated out of the '25 election by John Quincy Adams ("corrupt bargain"); poorly educated and not very intellectual; slave owner; Hero of New Orleans; for the common man; wanted to punish those who had hurt him politically; spoils system; undistinguished cabinet but for Van Buren; wanted limited government; wanted reduced tariffs and "constitutional" internal improvements; wanted surplus revenues to go to states.
Robert Hayne
Believed that states should have more rights. He was from South Carolina. He debated Daniel Webster about the doctrine of states rights.
Daniel Webster
Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
Webster Hayne Debate
Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"
Bank War
Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"
McCulloch v. Maryland
established legality of national bank and said it couldn't be taxed
Nicholas Biddle
He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.
National Republican
national bank/JQAdam/Clay/Webster's party
Bank War
Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"
Roger taney
Secretary of Treasury during Jackson's presidency
Eaton Affair
John Eaton, Secretary of War, was rumored to have had an affair with Peggy Timberlake, whom he later married, before her husband died in 1828. She was snubbed by the wives of Jackson's cabinet (led by Calhoun's wife). The President wanted to help her because his wife had been the object of similar rumors. This turned Jackson against Calhoun, drew Van Buren and Jackson closer together and dissolved the Cabinet. Calhoun resigned the vice presidency the next year and entered the Senate for South Carolina.
Indian Removal
1. President Jackson diobeyed a Supreme Court order to respect the treaty that the Congress had signed with the Cherokees nation 2. Against the judgment of John Marshall, President Jackson used force to remove the Cherokee nation to west of the Mississippi River 3. This action violated the nation's system of "checks and balances" the forced migration of the Cherokees by Jackson broke a treaty with the Indian Nation. Jackson also ignored the decision of the Supreme Court. Either charges would be punishable by impeachment 4. President Jackson is NOT impeached. People supported his action to remove the Indians from Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee 5. Of the 20,000 Cherokees that were forced to march from Tennessee to Oklahoma 5,500 died from the wintery weather onroute or due to starvation. Other natives groups were also forced to leave there native lands
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1831: Indian peoples were "domestic dependent nations". Cherokees' were not indep nation. (*but overturned that ruling w/ Worcester v GA (1832) Inds were "distinct polit cmmties").
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Nullification Crisis
Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate
Nat Turner
Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.
Denmark Vesey
A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.
Force Bill
1833 - authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. It never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
Compromise Tariff of 1833
It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.
Nullification Ordinance
declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina
Specie Circular
issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Second party system
The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon. Whigs v. Democrats
Whigs
conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster
Martin Van Buren
Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836. Spent presidency fixing Jackson's financial problems.
Independent Treasury Act
In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.
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