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information systems today, managing in the digital world - kapitel 6
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Terms in this set (72)
use of information systems to gather and analyze information from internal and external sources in order to make better business decisions
Business intelligence
________is a software application with which you create, store, organize, and retrieve data from a single or several databases.
Database management System
Something you collect data about, such as people or classes
Entity
contains entities. Consists of rows and columns.
Tables
_______ is collections of related data organized in a way that facilitates data searches.Used by organizations for supporting sales transactions, tracking inventory, identifying potential customers for personalized communications.
databases
the row in a table, a collection or related attributes about a single instance of an entity
Record
column, one cell in a row, each attribute contains a piece of information about the entity.
attribute
a map or diagram that represents entities and their relationships. ( e.g. entity-relationship diagram)
data model
each attribute has a specified data type ( text, numbers or dated).
Data type
a process to make sure the database will operate efficiently. Help to eliminate data duplication.
Normalization
(metadata repository) a document explaining information for each attribute (name, whether it is a key, data type and valid values)
Data dictionary
prevent illegal or illogical entries from entering the database
business rules
User interface for entering data into the database (pre-printed, Web, point-of-sale)
Form
compilation of data from a database, organized and produced in printed format
Report
software that helps users quickly build interactive reports and visualizations.
Report generator
a command for retrieving specified information from a database.
Query
structured query language, the most common language for querying databases.
SQL
Query by example, a simpler query interface using graphical drag-and-drop features.
QBE
systems that are used to interact with customers and run a business in real time.
Operational systems
a class of information systems that facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications, typically for data entry and retrieval transaction processing on a database management system.
Online transaction processing (OLTP)
systems designed to support decision making based on stable point-in-time or historical data
Informational systems
data that is deemed most important in the operation of a business. It includes data about customers, suppliers, inventory, employees and the like.
Master data
__________integrate multiple databases and other information sources into a single repository, for direct querying, analysis, or processing.
Data Warehouses
Process for consolidating data from operational systems into a data warehouse (overkoepelende databases) to gain the greatest and broadest understanding from data.
Extraction, transformation, and loading
the process of standardizing the format ofdata retrieved from different systems and removing inaccurate records.
Data cleaning
a data warehouse that is limited in scope. It contains selected information from the data warehouse such that each separate data mart is customized for the decision support applications of a particular end-user group.
Data marts
___________ is to extract information from existing data. Search for hidden relationships. Hypotheses are tested against existing data
Information and knowledge discovery
reports produced at predefined interval to support routine decisions
Scheduled reports
reports with greater detail, so as to help analyze why a key indicator Is not at an appropriate level or why an exception occurred
drill-down reports
reports with highlight situations that are out of normal range
exception reports
reports that provide summary of critical information on a recurring schedul
keyindicator reports
queries created because of unplanned information needs that are typically not saved for later use
Ad hoc queries
(OLAP)refers to the process of quickly conducting complex, multidimensional analyses of data stored in a database that is optimized for retrieval, typically using graphical software tools.
Online analytical processing
understands how data is organized in the database and has special functions for analyzing the dat
OLAP server
Values or numbers to analyze.
Measures
grouping data, providing a way to summarize data. __________ are organized as hierarchies (general -to -detailed year month day
Dimensions
data structure allowing for multiple dimensions to be added to a traditional two-dimensional table. _______ can have many dimensions.
OLAP cube
analyzing the data on subsets of the dimension
Slicing and dicing
Provides capabilities for discovering "hidden" predictive relationships in the data (patterns, trends, or rules).
Data Mining
________helps to reduce the complexity of data and speed up analyse
Data reduction
Technique used to find associations or correlations among sets of items. Support and confidence indicate if findings are meaningful.
Association discovery.
used to discover associations over time.
Sequence discovery
the process of grouping related records together on the basis of having similar values for attributes. When groups are not known beforehand.
Clustering
used when the groups are known beforehand, and records are segmented into these classes. Often using a decision tree.
Classification
use of analytical techniques for extracting information from textual documents. (Letters, e-mails, blogs, wikis etc) Analyzes linguistic structures and keywords to extract data
Text mining
extracting textual information from Web documents. Web crawler searches sites and documents (spider). Produce reports to gain additional insights
Web content mining
________ is used by organization such as amazon.com to determinepatterns in customers' usage data, such as how users navigate through the site or how much time they spend of different pages.
Web usage mining.
__________ records the users' path through a Web site.
Clickstream data
a Web page's ability to attract and keep visitors
Stickiness
predict future outcomes. Augments business intelligence by using predictive analysisto help identify trends or predict business outcomes.
Business analytics
support human unstructured decision making. ___________is a special purpose information system designed to support organizational decision making related to a particular recurring problem.
Decision Support Systems
______allows you to make hypothetical changes to the data associated with a problem and observe how these changes influence the results.
What-if analysis
the science of enabling information technologies -software, hardware, networks, and so on -to simulate human intelligence, such as reasoning and learning,
Artificial intelligence
comprised of sensors, software, and computers embedded in machines and devices -emulate and enhance human capabilities.
Intelligent systems
a type of intelligent system that uses reasoning methods basedon knowledge about a specific problem domain in order to provide advice, much like a human expert. Manipulate knowledge rather than information.
Expert systems
A way of encoding knowledge, such as a recommendation, after collecting information from a user.
Rule
broaden capabilities of ES and other intelligent systems by representing the rules using approximations or subjective values in order to handle situation where information about a problem is incomplete.
Fuzzy logic
matching of user questions and answers to information in the knowledge base. ______________ consists of matching facts and rules, determining the sequence of questions presented to the user, and drawing a conclusion
Inferencing
this is the characteristics of what system?
inputs - request for help, answers to questions
processing - pattern matching and inferencing
outputs - recommendation or advice
expert systems
the processes an organization uses to gain the greatest value from its knowledge assets
Knowledge management
all the underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulas, methods, heuristics and intuitions, whether explicit or tacit. Used to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability. Documents storing both facts and procedures (databases, manuals diagrams, books and so on.)
Knowledge asset
knowledge assets that reflects knowledge that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of information systems.
Explicit knowledge assets
knowledge assets that reflect the processes and procedures that are located in a person's mind on how to effectively perform a particular task. Often reflect an organization's best practices.
Tacit knowledge assets
___________is typically not a single technology but rather a collection of technology based tools that include communications technologies as well as information storage and retrieval systems
Knowledge management system
a technique that attempts to find groups of people who work together, to find people who don't collaborate but should, or to find experts in particular subject areas. Peoples contacts are mapped. It can help to analyze collaborative patterns.
Social network analysis
_______ is a way to share organizations knowledge(in repository)with the employees(Intranet), customers, suppliers (Extranet), or general public (Internet)
Knowledge portals
_________refers to the display of complex data relationships using a variety of graphical methods, enabling managers to quickly grasp the results of the analysis.
Visualization
_____________ used to present key performance indicators and other summary information used by managers and executives to make decisions. (Push reporting, exception reporting and alerts, and pull reporting).
Digital Dashboards
facts and numbers, generated by organizational databases and other systems.
Hard data
nonanalytical information, f.e. latest news stories. # Web-based news portals that are customizable and deliver to different media
Soft data
the combinationof various analysis techniques and interactive visualization to solve complex problems. It is still the humans who have to interpret the output from these systems. A combination of Human intelligence and reasoning capabilities with technology's retrieval and analysis capabilities.
Visual Analytics
a system for creating, storing, analyzing, and managing geographically referenced information.
Geographic Information Systems
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ENGINEERING
In the 1920 Sears Roebuck catalog, an oak chest of drawers cost $8 plus freight. In 1990 this same chest of drawers, in good condition, was$1200. If the average rate of inflation over that 70-year period was 3%, what was the average yearly rate of appreciation, adjusted for inflation?
ENGINEERING
The shape of a symmetrical four-digit NACA airfoil is described by the equation $$ y = \pm \frac { t c } { 0.2 } \left[ 0.2969 \sqrt { \frac { x } { c } } - 0.1260 \frac { x } { c } - 0.3516 \left( \frac { x } { c } \right) ^ { 2 } + 0.2843 \left( \frac { x } { c } \right) ^ { 3 } - 0.1015 \left( \frac { x } { c } \right) ^ { 4 } \right] $$ where c is the cord length and tis the maximum thickness as a fraction of the cord length (tc =maximum thickness). Symmetrical four-digit NACA airfoils are designated NACA 00XX; where XX is 100t (i.e., NACA 0012 has t = 0.12 ). Plot the shape of a NACA 0020 airfoil with a cord length of 1.5 m..
ENGINEERING
Methane at 1 MPa, 300 K is throttled through a valve to 100 kPa. Assume no change in the kinetic energy. What is the exit temperature?
ENGINEERING
The relationship between two variables P and t is known to be: $$ P = \frac { m t } { b + t } $$ The following data points are given $$ \begin{array} { | c | c | c | c | c | c | } \hline t & { 1 } & { 3 } & { 4 } & { 7 } & { 8 } & { 10 } \\ \hline P & { 2.1 } & { 4.6 } & { 5.4 } & { 6.1 } & { 6.4 } & { 6.6 } \\ \hline \end{array} $$ Determine the constants m and b by curve-fitting the equation to the data points. Make a plot of P versus t. In the plot show the data points with markers and the curve-fitted equation with a solid line. (The curve fitting can be done by writing the reciprocal of the equation and using a first-order polynomial.)
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