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PSY-206: Exam 1 Review

Terms in this set (68)

psychological disorder
abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior
cultural differences
what might seem abnormal in one culture may seem normal to another
criterion of abnormal behavior
unusualness, social deviance, faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality, significant personal distress, maladaptive or self- defeating behavior, dangerousness
comorbid
the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co-occurring with a primary disease or disorder
truth about asylums
they weren't only meant for individuals with mental disabilities (also for the poor). there were terrible living conditions and people would come to the asylums as if they were a zoo or circus sideshow
negative effect of deinstitutionalization
good idea but bad implementation. people would not accept the mentally illed
medical model
indicating the assumption that abnormal behavior is the result of physical problems and should be treated medically
transference
transfer to the analyst of feelings and attitudes the client holds toward important figures in his or her life
catharsis
process of rapidly releasing negative emotions
social learning
social behavior (any type of behavior that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others
humanistic
humanism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person. humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving
eclectic
an approach to psychotherapy that incorporates principles or techniques from various systems or theories (two types: technical and integrative)
sociocultural
focuses on human behavior and personality by examining the rules of the social groups and subgroups in which the individual is a member. cause of abnormal behavior behavior may be found in the failures of society rather than the person
informed consent
the principle that subjects should receive enough information about an experiment beforehand to decide freely whether to participate
confidentiality
protection of the identity of participants by keeping records secure and not disclosing their identities
debriefing
the procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded.
survey
a research method in which large samples of people are questioned by means of survey instrument
experimental
a scientific method that aims to discover cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables and observing the effects of the dependent variable
naturalistic observation
a form of research in which behavior is observed and measured in its natural environment
cross-sectional
using different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest but share other characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity
longitudinal
a type of correlational study in which individuals are periodically tested or evaluated over lengthy periods of time
correlational case study
a scientific method of study that examines the relationships between factors or variables expressed in statistical terms
prevalence
the overall number of cases of a disorder in a population within a specific period of time
incidence
the number of new cases of a disorder that occurs within a specific period of time
concordance
the presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins
neurotransmitters
chemical substances that transmit messages from one neuron to another
2 parts of nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)(neurons connecting to brain)
defense mechanisms
the reality-distorting strategies used by the ego to shield the self from awareness of anxiety-provoking impulses
id
unconscious psychic structure, present at birth that contains primitive instincts and is regulated by the pleasure principle
ego
psychic structure governed by the reality principle
superego
psychic structure that incorporates that values of the parents and important others and functions as a moral conscience
denial
refusing to accept of an unpleasant event experience by stating it doesn't exist. ex: someone being mad at their doctor for telling them that they have a serious disease showing all the symptoms and they decide to see a different doctor
repression
blocking of a distress causing memories from the conscious level. ex: when someone get into a fatal car accident decides he does not ever want to drive anymore
sublimation
acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way. ex: someone with an aggressive personality who likes to inflict harm to others takes up boxing
reaction formation
taking the opposite beliefs because your beliefs cause anxiety ex: someone who thinks they are guy but does not want to be start to hate gay people
psychoanalytic - cause of behavior
the roots of psychological problems involve unconscious motives and conflicts that can be traced back to childhood
psychodynamic
mental health is a function of the dynamic balance among psychic structures of id, ego, and superego
behavioral
the study of observable behavior that focuses on the role of learning in explaining behavior
cognitive model
a form of therapy that helps clients identify and correct faulty cognitions believed to underlie their emotional problems and maladaptive behavior
diathesis-stress model
abnormal behavior arises from the interaction of a vulnerability or predisposition and stressful life events or experiences
self-actualization
the motive that drives one to reach one's full potential
downward drift hypothesis
the theory that explains the linkage between low SES and behavior problems by suggesting that problem behaviors lead people to drift downward in social status
classical conditioning - parts
unconditional stimulus, unconditional response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
token economy
behavioral treatment program in which a controlled environment is constructed such that people are reinforced for desired behaviors by receiving tokens that may be exchanged for desired rewards
reflection
refers to the therapist's "reflecting" back the client's words (reading or saying the client's words back to the client)
changes to DSM-5
expansion of diagnosable disorders, changes in classification of mental disorders, changes in diagnostic criteria for particular disorders, process of development.
culture bound syndrome
patterns of abnormal behavior that occur in some cultures but are rare or unknown in others
sanism
the negative stereotyping of people who are identified as mentally ill
reliability
different evaluators using the same system are likely to arrive at the same diagnosis
validity
diagnostic judgments correspond with observed behavior, or predict the course the disorder is likely to follow
assessment
process of testing that uses a combination of techniques to help arrive at some hypotheses about a person and their behavior, personality, and capabilities
projective
psychological tests that present ambiguous stimuli onto which the examinee is thought to project his or her personality and unconscious motives
self-reports
any test, measure, or survey that relies on the individual's own report of their symptoms, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes
reactivity
phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed (positive or negative outcome)
personal digital assistant
a term for a small, mobile, handheld device that provide computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities
in vivo method
test taking on a living organisms
analogue
measures that are intended to simulate the setting in which the behavior naturally takes place but are carried out in labs or controlled settings
behavioral rating scale
an assessment instrument designed to obtain the perceptions or judgments of a subject's behavior in a standardized format
free association displacement
when the therapist says a word and the client says whatever comes to mind
unstructured interview
interview in which the clinician adopts his or her own style of questioning rather than following any standard format
semistructured interview
interview in which the clinician follows a general outline of questions designed to gather essential info but is free to ask them in any order and to branch off in other directions
structured interview
interview that follows a preset series of questions in a particular order
rorschach test
a type of projective test used in psychoanalysis, in which a standard set of symmetrical inkblots of different shapes and colors is presented one by one to the subject, who is asked to describe what they suggest or resemble.
dimensional assessment
book that shows a number of symptoms in various categories that defined whether or not the diagnostic term should be used to describe a patient's condition
oral stage
satisfaction with putting things in mouth
phallic stage
child is aware of sex changes
adapt the same behavior of the same sex parent
latency stage
mostly sexual impulses
genital stage
adolescent sexual experimentation
heterosexual pleasure
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