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P103 Exam 2

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (153)

Recording electrodes are placed directly on the scalp to produce a(n)

The consumption of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n)

heartbeat and breathing

The medulla is part of the brain that most directly regulates

reticular formation

The brainstem structure embedded within the brainstem that helps bring you out of sleep is called the

Janessa suffered a stroke that destroyed a specific part of her limbic system. Although she remembers events prior to her illness, she is unable to form new memories of her daily experiences. Janessa has most likely suffered damage to the

cerebral cortex

The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the

movement of mouth and lips

Direct stimulation of areas within the motor cortex would most likely result in

auditory perception

Alana suffered a brain disease that destroyed major portions of her temporal lobes. Alana is most likely to suffer some loss of

Plasticity refers to the brain's capacity to

build new neural pathways

in his or her left field of vision

If an individual's right cerebral hemisphere is completely destroyed by disease, that person is unable to see anything

Damage to the amygdala can result in the person being _____.

corpus callosum

The left hemisphere communicates to the right hemisphere through the _____ _____.

The _____ lobe is one structure of the brain that only has one function.

The left side of the brain sees the _____ side of the world.

A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres from one another is called _____ _____.

you can speak the name of the object

If you see an object in your right visual field, which of the following is not true? Remember that the left brain sees objects in the right visual field.

circadian rhythm

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

The large, slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

When Alissa awakened during a period of REM sleep, she reported experiencing intense fear. A PET scan most likely would reveal that her REM sleep was associated with increased activity in her

Sleepwalking typically occurs during

Which of the following is a sleep-inducing hormone?

slower and larger

Compared with alpha and beta waves, delta waves are

According to the book, the sleep cycle consists of _____ distinct stages. According to your professor, the sleep cycle actually consists of _____ stages.

circadian rhythm

The sleep-wake cycle follows a 24-hour clock called the _____ _____.

The relatively slow brain waves of the awake but relaxed state are known as _____ waves.

The bursts of brain-wave activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called _____ _____.

The sleep cycle repeats itself about every _____ minutes.

False sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus are called_______

Memory is best defined as

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify suspects from a police lineup. Which test of memory is being used?

computer's operation

Information-processing models compare human memory to a

Annika has difficulty forming long-term memories of classroom lessons because she can't focus her attention long enough to mentally grasp what is being taught. Annika most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

explicit memory; implicit memory

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle, and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old. When shown a hypodermic needle, however, he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response. Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of

deep processing

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound. This best illustrates the value of

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier is

parallel processing

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously is _____ _____.

explicit memory

Memory that deals with facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" is called _____ _____.

massed practice

The type of spacing effect that produces quick, short-term learning and feelings of confidence is _____ _____.

Stimuli from the environment are first recorded in _____ memory.

shallow processing

The encoding words on a basic level based on the letters in the word or some other superficial characteristic is called______ ______.

semantic memory

Consciously recalling that Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth best illustrates

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

The cerebellum and basal ganglia play an important role in the processing of ________ memories.

hippocampus; cerebellum

Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________.

A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

emotional memories

The amygdala is involved in the process of

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of

Lars was feeling depressed at the time of his high school graduation. Lars is especially likely to recall his high school graduation when he is

across multuple brain networks

Memories are stored

in the middle of the list

On the phone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

In contrast to short-term memory, and contrary to popular belief, the capacity of permanent memory is essentially _____.

semantic; episodic

Explicit, conscious memories are either _____ (facts and general knowledge) or _____ (experienced events).

The process by which associations can lead to retrieval is called _____.

state dependent

What we learn in one condition is best remembered in that same condition, called _____ _____ memory

serial position effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list best is called the _____ _____ _____.

The _____ is responsible for emotional memories.

anterograde amnesia

The inability to form new memories is called

explicit; automatic processing

Jimmy was a patient with anterograde amnesia triggered by brain damage in 1945. Jimmy lost his ability to form new ________ memories but his ability for ________ remained intact.

encoding failure

Much of what we sense we never notice. This most clearly leads to

retrieval failure

An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as

retroactive interference

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates

After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates

While talking with a complete stranger she had just met in an airplane terminal, Jillian experienced an eerie sense of having had the same conversation with this same person before. Her experience best illustrates

Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for

memory construction

It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall illustrates

proactive interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

reconsolidation

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again is _____.

retroactive interference

_____ ______ occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information

A memory that has been corrupted by misleading information is called the _____ effect.

Sigmund Freud argued that we _____ painful or unacceptable memories to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety

You recognize a face at a social gathering but are unable to remember how you know that person. This is an example of _______ ________.

proactive interference

When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of _____ ______.

outer layer of brain-4 lobes

subcortical structures

connects to spinal cord-responsible for keeping you alive

responsible for breathing and heart rate- damage causes coma

attached to brain stem- moment to moment error correction-landing on your feet

connects cerebellum to cortex

immediately below cortex-receiving sensory info and sending it- smell doesn't go through here

responsible for emotions

involved in emotions-fear specifically- damage leads to emotional dysfunction (fearless)

inside temporal lobe- responsible for memory-damage causes amnesia

below thalamus- responsible for control of pituitary gland-responsible for homeostasis

right and left hemisphere ________ but dont connect

corpus callosum

bundle of fibers that connects hemispheres-damage causes hemispheres to fight

in back of brain-responsible for vision

sense of touch-poor parietal lobe causes poor direction

side of brain-hearing and language

responsible for planning-executive system of brain-houses where motor skills are

the MRI gives you structure and the fMRI follows blood flow through the brain

The difference between the MRI and the fMRI is

naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

what structure is not developed in other species

discovered by fritsch and hitzig at rear of frontal lobes

somatosensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes information from skin senses and body parts movement

personality changes

damage to frontal lobe causes what

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood

the formation of new neurons

our left and right hemispheres serve differing functions; this specialization is apparent after brain damage

right brain sees ______ vision

we spend 1/3 of our lives doing what?

drowsy-phase 1 of NREM sleep-shallow sleep-transition period between being awake and being asleep

higher amplitude, low frequency-phase 2 of NREM sleep-have sleep spindles

rapid eye movement-shallowest sleep-high frequency, low amplitude waves-immobile-no muscle tone

paradoxical sleep

brain activity is very active but you're asleep

stage 3 NREM sleep

when you sleepwalk, sleeptalk, toss + turn, have night terrors you are in

dreams get interrupted at the _______

vivid dreams occur in

non REM sleep- stop breathing abruptly during sleep and you have to wake up to breathe

inability to fall asleep

non rem-unpredictably fall asleep at any time

rem sleep-body is still paralyzed but their brain is awake

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin-causes you to fall asleep

high arousal and appearance of being terrified, target children during first few hours of NREM-3 sleep

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

encoding, storage, and retrieval

three processes of human memory

fleeting memory

short-term memory

20-30 seconds, we encode through rehearsal

long term memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system of knowledge, skills, and experiences, for later retrieval

stresses the active processing occurring in the second memory stage

explicit memory

effortful processing

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection-automatic processing m

people can store about ______ bits of info (give or take a few)

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

organizations of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

encoding is more effective when it is spread over time

distributed practice

produces better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. repeated self testing does more than assess learning: it improves it

deep processing

encodes semantically, based on the word meaning (why the things are in that specific order)

semantic memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events

memory consolidation

neural storage of long term memories

deep brain structures involved in motor movememt, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills (walking)

infantile amnesia

no memory before 3-5- the structures needed are not in place

last few words in a list are more memorable-remember whats more recent

1st few words are more memorable

more likely to recall things that stand out

flashbulb memories

clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events, occur via emotion-triggered hormonal changes and rehearsal

state dependent memory

emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues

mood congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

context dependent memory

involves improved recall of specific information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

even after encoding something well, we sometimes later forget it

had epilectic seizures- had memory of everything but no new memory could be made (couldnt form explicit memories only implicit)

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