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Anatomy and Physiology Introduction Test

Terms in this set (139)

study of structure

study of the function. It often focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level.

Anatomical Position

body erect, feet and head facing foward, hands with palms facing foward, and thumb away from the body

standing backwards

standing foward

2 common relax positions

suspine: on your back, belly up
prone: on stomach

are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or orgins into define areas
1. sagittal
2. frontal (cornal)
3. transverse (cross sectional or horozontal)

is the flat surface that remains after a cut along one of the body planes

divides the body into right and left half
- it is directly in the midline, its called "mid saggital"
- saggital section is one of the sections you cut and study

Transverse (Cross Sectional or Horizontal)

divides the body into superior(top) and inferior(bottom) parts
- you see all the different structures (horizontal)
- when you open up the center of the body it is called "lumen"

Frontal (Cornal)

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

Kidney had indentation tword..

midsegment of the body

planes with microscope slides: L.S

longitudinal section (frontal or saggital)

planes with microscope slides: X.S.

cross section (transverse) (harder to identify)

the study of human structures that can be seen with the naked eye
- regional anatomy
- systemic anatomy
- surface anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

- cytology (cells)
- histology (tissues)

Examples of Physiology studies

- Renal physiology (relating to the kidneys)
-Neurophysiology (study of the functioning of the nervous system)
-Cardiovascular physiology (is the study of the circulatory system)

What is anatomy and physiology together?

principle of complementary of structure and function (meaning they depend on eachother)

a group of cells, the matieral that surrounds them working together for a common function
- organ is made up of 2 or more tissue types

several organs working together for common function

an individual living thing

subcellular component with a particular shape and particular function

basic unit of life

has a specific shape and function
and is made of two or more tissues

smallest building blocks of matter

There are four basic tissue types and each has a characteristic role in the body

- Epithelium (cover your body and lining tissue)
- Connective (diverse group have supportive functions, fat, bone, ligaments)
- Muscle (only tissue that can contrast)
- Nervous (communicative tissue)
NOTE: muscle and nervous tissue are electrically excitable tissue

Systems of the Human Body are..

the integumentary, skeletal,
muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic,
respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive

Integumentary System

-Forms the external body covering
-Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil
glands, hair, and nails
-Protects deep tissues from injury and
synthesizes vitamin D

Skeletal System

-Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
-Protects and supports body organs
-Provides the framework for muscles
-Site of blood cell formation
-Stores minerals

Muscular System

-Composed of muscles and tendons
-Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
-Maintains posture
-Produces heat

-Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
-Is the fast-acting control system of the body
-Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

Endocrine System

-Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

Cardiovascular System

-Composed of the heart and blood vessels
-The heart pumps blood
-The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

Lymphatic System

-Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
-Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
-involved with immunity

Respiratory System

-Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide

Digestive System

- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
-Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

-Composed of kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra
-Eliminates wastes from the body
-Regulates water, electrolyte, and
pH balance of the blood

Male Reproductive System

- Main function is the production of offspring
-Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
-Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

Female Reproductive
System

-Main function is the production of offspring
-Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
-Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization
and development of the fetus
-Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

Logical Organization of molecules, tissues, atoms and cells

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues

Basic Life Processes

All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them
from nonliving things.

is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, ability to use energy to perform vital functions
-catabolism: break things down
-anabolism: build things up (protien)

is the ability to detect and respond to
changes(stimulus) in the external or internal environment

refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both

is the changes an organism goes
through over time

Differentiation

is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.

refers either to the formation of new
cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.

Maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the body's internal environment
- internal conditions will vary but will always remain within relaitivly narrow limits
- Dynamic conditions
- Body's chemicals, cells, tissues and organs are constantly working to be in a normal state
- Homeostasis continually disturbed by external and internal envierment, if we cant maintain proper balance, thats when we get desisese
External Stimuli: intense heat or cold, lack of oxygen
Internal Stimuli: stress, exercerize
- most disturbances are mild and temporary
- Most often regulation is through the work of the nervous system and the endocrine system

Nervous System and Endocrine System

Nervous System: ends nerve impulses to organs that disturb normal state
- RAPID response
Endocrine System: sends messenger molecules called hormones
- SLOW response
both work through feedback loops

Feedback Systems or Loops

is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back
(reported) to a central control region
- Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a
stimulus.

Components of Feedback Loop

- receptor, control center and effector

monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center

range of values condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

Negative Feedback System

If a response reverses the original stimulus (used more often)
- tends to regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long periods of time

Positive Feedback System

If a response enhances the original stimulus
-destabilizing effect
-This system will continue until interrupted by some event outside this positive feedback system

is the factor or event being regulated and the set point is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained

Examples of Increase or Decrease in Body Temperature

- Controlled Condition = Body temperature
- Receptor = specialized neurons of skin
- Control Center= Hypothalamus of Brain
- Effector= glands that cause sweating to decrease body temperature or muscles that shiver to increase body temperature

Homeostatic Imbalances

Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death.
- Disorder
- Disease

is a general term for any derangement or
abnormality of function

is a more specific term for an illness
characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
- A local disease is one that affects one part or a limited region of the body.
- A systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts.

are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure; e.g., fever or rash.

are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer; e.g., headache or nausea

is the art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is generally arrived at after the taking of a
medical history and the administration of a physical examination.

Directional Terms

Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations.

Superior OR Cranial

twords the head
- eyes are superior to the mouth (don't use for arms or legs)

Inferior OR Caudal

away from the head
- the stomach is inferior to the heart (don't use for arms or legs)

farther from the midline of the body
- The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand

nearer to the midline of the body
-The heart lies medial to the lungs

nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
-The knee is proximal to the ankle

farther from the attachment of the
limb to the trunk
-The wrist is distal to the elbow.

Dorsal or Posterior

Toward the back of the body(aka posterior)
- The brain is posterior to the forehead.

Ventral or Anterior

At the front of the body(aka anterior)
- The sternum is anterior to the heart.

between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- the collar bone is intermediate between the breast bone and shoulder

toward the body surface(external)
- The skin is superficial to the skeletal
muscles.

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface
- The lungs are deep to the skin.

opposite sides of the body

same sides of the body

- Dorsal Cavity

protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions

within the skull; encases the brain

Vertebral cavity

runs within the vertebral
column; encases the spinal cord

houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions
-Thoracic
-Abdominopelvic

Oral and Digestive Cavity

mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

located within and posterior to the
nose

Middle ear Cavity

contains bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrations

Synovial Cavity

Abdominal Quadrents

back of the neck

fingers or toes

Dorsal or Dorsum

Lower Extremity

boob (on nipple)

back or head or skull

anus to genital

Peroneal (Fibular)

side of the leg

back of the knee

Upper Extremity

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