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Ch. 4

Terms in this set (68)

3-4 months
At what age do rituals and game playing emerge?
Intentionality
At about 8 to 9 months, infants develop __________ in interactions.
Phonetically consistent forms & Protowords
Consistent vocal patterns are called...
12 months
The first meaningful word occurs around...
Word/phrase understanding and protection
Speech perception at 6 months is related to later...
18 months
By __________, children produce about 50 words and begin to combine words predictably.
150-300 words
By age 2, children have an expressive vocabulary of about...
Lexicon
Each child has a personal dictionary, or __________, that reflects his/her environment.
Substitution
If a preschool-aged child says "doggies are yucky," kitties are yucky," etc. they are using...
Increased memory
Preschool-aged children can recount the past and remember short stories because of...
Caregivers repeat the child's utterances in mature form
What is reformulation?
2-4 turns
How long can preschool-aged children maintain a conversation?
Comprehension of words is more advanced than expression
In preschool-aged children,
Fast mapping
__________ is inferring meaning from context and using the word in a similar manner
5
About 90% of adult syntax is acquired by age...
Mean length of utterance
Language becomes more complex as it becomes longer, and can be calculated in...
Metalinguistic skills
__________ allow(s) the child to consider language in the abstract, make judgements about its correctness, and create verbal contexts.
Slows and begins to stabilize
For school-aged children, language development...
Figurative language
__________ is/are sayings that do not always mean what they seem to mean, as in idioms.
60,000 words
By high school, children understand approximately...
During adolescence
Multiple word meanings are acquired...
5
By age __________, children can use most verb tenses, possessive pronouns, and conjunctions.
Language impairment
Risk factors for __________ include being male, having ongoing hearing problems, and having a more reactive temperament.
Language impairment
Protective factors for __________ include having a more persistent and sociable temperament and higher levels of maternal well-being.
Still have a weakness in language-related skills in late adolescence
Children who are identified as late talkers at 24 - 31 months...
IQ
Severity of intellectual disability is usually based on...
As soon as possible
When should intervention begin for those with intellectual disability?
Regular education with support
Self-contained, special classrooms
Institutions for profound ID
Educational options for those with intellectual disabilities include...
Moderate-severe language delays
Children with Down Syndrome and Fragile X both have...
Learning disabilities
__________ are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are manifested by significant difficulties in the development and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities.
3%
Approximately __________ of all individuals have LD.
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
__________ is an underlying neurological impairment in executive function that regulates behavior, causing impulsiveness.
Exhibit poor ability to attend selectively & concentrate on inappropriate or unimportant stimuli
Children with LD...
Form
Content
Use
Which aspect(s) of language can be affected in children with LD?
Cluttering
__________ is overuse of fillers and circumlocutions associated with word-finding difficulties, rapid speech, and word and phrase repetitions, along with lack of awareness; can occur in children with LD.
10-15%
What percentage of middle class U.S. children have delayed language development?
Working memory
_________ is an active process that allows limited information to be held in a temporary accessible state while cognitive processing occurs.
Negative perception by peers
Poor social skills
Perceiving themselves negatively
Lifespan issues of children with SLI include...
Extracting regularities from language
Registering different contexts for language
Constructing word-referent associations for lexical growth
Children with SLI have difficulty...
D. None of these
Which of the following may children with SLI expressively do?

A. Speak more rapidly
B. Have fewer speech disruptions
C. Speak more rapidly & have fewer speech disuptions
D. None of these
Grammatical markers
Children with SLI have difficulty with __________, which indicates language processing deficits in phonological working memory, where words are held while processed.
Lexical competition
__________ refers to the difficulty children with SLI have in inhibiting activation of nontarget competing words.
2-3 years old
Children with ASD are identified by the time they are...
1 in 88
The incidence of ASD among children is...
ID
Approximately 25% of children with ASD exhibit...
Males & those who have a family history of Autism
Incidence of ASD is higher in...
Regular education
Special education
May hold competitive employment
Which are options for education and employment for those with ASD?
25% and 60%
Between __________ and __________ of individuals with ASD remain nonspeaking throughout their lives.
Echolalia, formuli
Some individuals with ASD may have immediate or delayed __________ or use entire verbal routines, called __________.
Traumatic brain injury
_________ is diffuse brain damage as a result of external force.
1 million
Approximately __________ children and adolescents in the U.S. have experienced a TBI.
Extent and site of lesion
Age at onset
Age of the injury
Variables related to TBI include...
Social disinhibition
Psychological maladjustment or acting-out behaviors called _________ may occur.
Pragmatics
Deficits in __________ are most likely remain long after the injury in TBI.
Form
_________ is relatively unaffected in TBI.
Word retrieval
Object description
Narration
Individuals who have sustained TBI have difficulty with...
Child-mother attachment
__________ is more significant in language development than maltreatment.
FAS
__________ infants have low birth weight and later demonstrate hyperactivity, motor problem, attention deficits, and cognitive disabilities.
Drug
Manner of ingestion
Age of the fetus
Effects of drugs on the fetus vary with...
Language delay
Echolalia
Poor comprehension
Language features of children with FAS include...
Are behind their peers
Academically, children with FAS...
Selective mutism
In __________, children do not speak in specific situations, although they speak in others.
Determine the presence or absence of a language problem
Screening tests are used to...
Case history and interview
Observation
Testing
Sampling
After a referral and screening, the following procedures may be part of assessment.
Code switching
__________ refers to the movement between two languages.
Dynamic assessment
__________ is probing performance to identify possible intervention procedures.
Telepractice
__________ is the provision of language assessment and intervention via the Internet.
ASD/ID
Adults with _________ will most likely require continued intervention for language and communication deficits throughout the lifespan.
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