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NBCOT Book: Vision

Terms in this set (53)

Person-First Language
this is the use of language that recognizes that the person comes first and is not defined solely as a disability or disease. It recognizes that the person is a human being before being someone with a disability. Instead of terms such as "the disabled," "quad," "para," or "amputee," descriptions should begin with "a person with" a disability, such as a person with a SCI or a person with a below the knee amputation.
Aesthesiometer
measures two-point discrimination
Desensitization
exercises used to help decrease hypersensitivities; rubbing textured materials or clothing against the client's skin during dressing
Hyperesthesia
an abnormal underreaction to sensory stimulation
Hypersensitivity
an abnormal overreaction to sensory stimulation
Monofilament
nylon wire that is measured in grams of force for more accurate touch sensitivity measurements
Neuropathy
weakness, numbness, or pain associated with damage to the peripheral nerves
Adiadochokinesia
the inability to perform rapid alternating movements such as pronation and supination simultaneously
Dysmetria
the inability to estimate the ROM required to reach a target
Hypermetria
overshooting a target
Hypometria
Undershooting a target
Dyssynergia
the decomposition of movements in which voluntary movements are broken down into their component parts and appear jerky
Nystagmus
the involuntary movement of the eyeballs in a vertical, horizontal, or rotating direction. This can interfere with the small adjustments required for balance
Dysarthria
explosive or slurred speech; "difficulty speaking"
Extrapyramidal Disorders
characterized by hypokinesia and hyperkinesia (an increase in muscle movement).
Chorea
involuntary, coarse, quick, jerky, and dysthmic movements that usually subside during sleep; May be seen with Huntington's Disease and tardive dyskinesia
Athetoid Movements
continuous, slow, wormlike, and arrhythmic movements that affect the distal portion of the extremities. When occurring with chorea, it is called choreoathetosis.
Dystonia
results in persistent posturing of the extremities with concurrent torsion of the spine and twisting of the trunk. These movements are often seen in conjunction with spasticity.
Graphesthesia
the ability to identify a number or letter drawn on the skin. OTP uses a dull-pointed pencil to trace letters, numbers, or geometric figures on the fingertips or palms of the client's hand.
Accommodation
the ability to quickly change focus from near to far
Age-Related Macular Degenaration
an eye disease caused by deterioration of the eye's macula; resulting in gradual loss of vision; frequently described as blurriness in the center of vision, and/or darker, lighter, or missing areas of vision. Visual acuity and contrast are affected, causing functional challenges with near-vision tasks, such as reading, writing, and dialing the phone. Risk factors may include smoking, air pollution, sunlight, and deficient nutrition (diets low in green leafy vegies, fish, and fruit). Decreased contrast sensitivity causes difficulty with tasks such as curbs, steps, seeing faces, and pouring milk into a light-colored cup.
Contrast Sensitivity
the ability to detect grayness from a background and detect an object that is on a similar color background. This skill tends to decrease with age.
Diabetic Retinopathy
systemic disease of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the eyes that supply the retina and is typically caused by elevated and fluctuating blood glucose levels. Common symptoms include spotted areas of vision, fluctuations in vision based on glucose levels, decreased visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision and night vision; temporary diplopia. Clients are at an increased risk for cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachments. Can affect both central and peripheral fields. If left untreated, can cause blindness.
Fixation
the process of locating and focusing on an object; foundation of oculomotor control. Deficits may be a result of acuity loss or binocular vision problems. Nystagmus (rapid involunary and oscillating eye movements) may be present. Clients will have difficulty attaining, changing, or sustaining gaze, especially at varying locations in the visual field, caused decreased vision, and the client will have binocular vision problems.
Glaucoma
an eye disease causing increased intraocular pressure. This causes tissue damage in the retina near the optic nerve. Severe redness, pain in the eye, headache, or nausea may occur. Functional problems may include near, intermediate, or distance vision tasks, depending on the stage of the disease. If left untreated for too long, permanent damage can occur causing loss of visual acuity and field.
Saccades
quick, small movements of the eye (oscillations), used when scanning, allowing us to move from word to word (reading) or object to object (searching for objects on shelf or driving). Client may experience difficulty reading, especially longer words or sentences (may lose his/her place on a page or have difficulty with page navigation). Other challenges may include difficulty watching sports, writing, searching and locating objects. Clients may have decreased concentration or visual memory.
Snellen Chart
standard measurement chart, big "E" chart with the standardized measure based on a ratio of the size of the letter or symbol that a client can read over the distance the client's eyes are from the chart
Visual Field
the entire area that the eyes are able to see; normal horizontal field (left to right) 150 degrees; normal vertical field (superior to inferior) 120 degrees
Opthalmologist
a medical doctor who evaluates, treats, and manages structures, functions, and diseases of the eye
Optometrist
professionals with a postgraduate education and training to evaluate the eye's function and ability to diagnose and correct refractive errors with glasses or contact lenses
Oculomotor Control
efficient movement of the eyes in a coordinated manner allowing for perceptual stability; includes eye alignment, accommodation, convergence and divergence, saccadic eye movements, and smooth pursuit eye movements (tracking)
Visual Acuity
the ability of the eye to distinguish the fine details of what is seen.
Scanning
the ability to search the environment, focus on the most important details to interpret and correctly identify; accomplished using saccadic eye movements
Visual Memory
involved proficiency in taking, retaining, and processing a mental picture of an object; includes storing and retrieving images from STM and LTM
Visual Cognition
"the ability to manipulate and integrate visual input with other sensory information to gain knowledge, solve problems, formulate plans, and make decisions"
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
the result of an elongated eyeball, front to back, causing light rays entering to converge focus before they get to the retina. Near objects are clear while distant objects are blurred. This is corrected with a concave lens.
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
the result of a short eyeball, front to back, which causes light rays entering the eye to reach the retina before they have converged to a point of focus. This is corrected with a convex lens.
Astigmatism
the result of a cornea that is oval instead of round, causing light rays to converge at more than one point of focus
Presbyopia
In childhood, near and distance vision is clear because the lens can change its shape to converge light rays. In adulthood (older than 40 years) people may experience blurred images in near, more than distant, vision, because the lenses become stiff and the ability to focus is diminished or lost.
"Age-Related vision loss"
Cataracts
typically caused by age-related clouding and hardening of the lens of the eye, but may also result from disease, trauma, and/or congenital factors. Decreased acuity, progressively blurred, hazy, or unclear vision in both the central and peripheral visual fields. Client may complain of dulled colors, increased sensitivity to glare indoors and/or outdoors. Near vision may be better than distance vision.
Convergence
focusing on an object and maintaining the image as it moves toward the face. The eyes move medially toward the nose.
Divergence
involves focusing on an object and maintaining the image as it moves away from the face. The eyes move laterally away from the nose.
Diplopia
double vision; occurs when the fovea of both eyes are not aligned on the same target, so the brain is not able to fuse the image. Can present either horizontally or vertically, as a double image, blurred vision, or with shadows, and may be present at near, intermediate, or far distances.
Esotropia
inward deviation of the eye when the other is focusing on an object
Exotropia
outward turning of the eye when the other is focusing on an object
Hypertropia
Upward turning of the eye when the other is focusing on an object
Hypotropia
downward turning of the eye when the other is focusing on an object
Esophoria
tendency for eyes to turn inward when both eyes are fixating on an object; controlled by fusion
Exophoria
Tendency for the eyes to turn outward when both eyes are fixating on an object, controlled by fusion
Hyperphoria
tendency for the eyes to turn upward when both eyes are fixating on an object; controlled by fusion
Hypophoria
tendency for the eyes to turn downward when both eyes are fixating on an object; controlled by fusion
Agnosia
a failure to recognize familiar objects perceived by the senses. "Gnosis" means knowing; therefore agnosias are not a sensory issue, but rather a perception/processing issue
Apraxia
the inability to perform a movement even though the sensory system, muscles, and coordination are intact
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...