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Antimicrobial Therapy--Exam 2

Terms in this set (84)

What did Paul Ehrlich do? (3 things) and when was he around?
Early 1900s. Found trypan red killed trypanosomes. Found Arsphenamine treats syphilis. Called it a "magic bullet" which kills microbe without harm to host
What did Gerhard Domagk do and when was he around?
1900s. Found Prontosil treated Strep and Staph. Metabolized sulfanilamide. Called this Sulfa Drugs. and Won a Nobel prize
Who is Alexander Fleming and when was he around?
1900s. Found Penicillium mold and founded Penicillin. Found microbes could kill other microbes. Got a Nobel Prize.
What is Broad-spectrum?
Effective against a wide range of microorganism (Gram + and Gram-)
What is Narrow-Spectrum?
Effective against only a small subset of microorganisms
What is an Antibiotic?
Produced by other microbes
What is a Synthetic antimicrobial agent?
Produced by chemical synthesis
What is the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration?
Minimum concentration needed to prevent growth
What is the Minimal Lethal Concentration?
The minimum concentration needed to Kill a population of microorganism
What does Penicillin inhibit?
Cell wall
How does Penicillin weaken the cell wall?
It has a beta-lactam ring and mimics D-Ala-D-ala in Transpeptidation using Penicillin-binding proteins.
What two types of Penicillin are natural?
G and V
Besides natural Penicillins, what are the rest called?
Semi-synthetic
What do Cephalosporins inhibit?
Cell wall
Cephalosporins came from ________________
Cephalosporium
Cephalosporins do not have a beta-lactam ring. (T/F)
False. They do.
_____________ + ______________ make up Glycopeptides
Peptide + Disaccharide
Vancomycin is a ______________
Glycopeptide
How does Vancomycin cause resistance in a cell to weaken the cell wall?
G+, binds to D-Ala-D-Ala
Vancomycin is a drug used as a last resort (T/F)
True
Glycopeptides inhibit what?
Cell Wall
What to Protein Synthesis Inhibitors bind to?
Ribosomes. Prokaryotic ribosomes (30S or 50S)
What do Aminoglycosides inhibit?
Protein Synthesis
Aminoglycosides are made up of __________ and bind to ________ ribosomes
Amino sugars; 30S
Streptomycin is a _____________
Amnioglycoside
What did Waksman do in 1944?
He screened 10,000 strains, found Streptomycin as the first drug for Tuberculosis, and got a Nobel Prize in 1952
Streptomycin is the first drug for _________________
Tuberculosis
Kanamycin, tobramycin, and gentamycin are in what group?
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are not toxic to the host (T/F)
False. Can cause deafness or kidney damage.
Tetracyclines inhibit what?
Protein Synthesis
Tetracyclines bind to __________ ribosomes and are _____________ spectrum
30S; Broad
Tetracyclines are Bacteriostatic (T/F)
True
Tetracyclines are non-toxic (T/F)
False. Can be toxic at high doses to the kidney, liver, and yellow teeth
Macrolides inhibit what?
Protein Synthesis
Erythromycin is in what group?
Macrolides
Macrolides bind __________ ribosomes and are _________ spectrum
50S; Broad
12-22 carbon ________ rings + ___________ are in Macrolides
Lactone; Sugars
What do Nucleic Acid Synthesis inhibitors do?
Inhibit DNA/RNA polymerase, DNA helicase, etc.
Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones are what (inhibit what)?
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is what group?
Fluoroquinolones
DNA gyrase, topoisomerase II are events in what group?
Quinolones
Quinolones are _________, _________, and ___________ spectrum
Synthetic; Bactericidal; Broad
Antimetabolites do what?
Block metabolic pathways and Competitively inhibit enzymes
Antimetabolites are __________ analogs, __________ spectrum, and bacterio__________
Structural; Broad; Static
p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) analog is part of what group?
Sulfa drugs (Sulfonamides)
Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) synthesize what?
folic acid
Sulfonamides are apart of what group?
Antimetabolites
Trimethoprims are apart of what group?
Antimetabolites
Trimethoprim synthesize what?
Folic acid
Dyhydrofolate reductase is in what group?
Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim combined with sulfa drugs is what?
Synergistic
Daptomycin causes what problem to the cell?
Cell membrane disruption
Cyclic lipopeptide and G+, bactericidal are two factors in ________________
Daptomycin
Daptomycin binds to membranes and forms what that disrupts the cell membrane?
Pores
Polymyxin B causes what problem to the cell?
Cell membrane disruption
Polymyxin B binds to the membrane making it more __________ and causing ____________ of cellular components
Permeable; Leakage
Polymyxin B mostly effects Gram-__________ and are ____________ toxic
Negative; Highly
Polymyxin B are often found in ____________
Topical Ointments
The Immune system is the main _______________
Microbial clearance mechanism
What is an infection?
When immune system can't effectively clear microorganisms
How can Antimicrobials help the immune system?
By decreasing microbial burden so immune system can be effective
What are the Five Drug Resistance Mechanisms?
Reduce uptake (Penetration), Efflux pumps (multidrug resistance pumps), Modify the drug, Modify the drug target, and Use an alternate pathway
What does Reducing the uptake (Penetration) do to a drug?
Makes sure the drug can't get past outer membrane, outer layer
What are two ways of Modifying the drug for resistance?
Beta-lactamase. Acetylation of aminoglycosides
What is an example of modifying the drug target and what does it do?
Enterococcus resistance to vancomycin.
It changes the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala to D-Ala-D-Lactate
How can using an alternate pathway create resistance?
Importing folic acid
Bacteria can be naturally resistant or have Acquired resistance (T/F)
True
What are three types of Acquired Resistance?
Mutation. Horizontal gene transfer. Antibiotic resistance cassettes on plasmids or other mobile DNA
Overuse of antimicrobials in acquired resistance selects for ________________
Resistant Strains
What is the acquired resistance crisis?
Increasing antimicrobial resistance, very few new antimicrobials
What are combinations called?
synergy
Acquired resistance screen _____________________
Natural compounds
Viruses use host _______________
Cell machinery
What are two types of Virus specific polymerases?
Viral DNA polymerases and HIV
What inhibitors are apart of HIV?
Reverse transcriptase (AZT)
What is Nevirapine and what group is it apart of?
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor. Antivirals.
What two diseases inhibit viral enzymes/proteins and are antivirals?
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and HIV protease inhibitors
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) blocks _____________________
Influenza virus neuraminidase
What happens during HIV protease inhibitors?
Multiple proteins made as a single polypeptide and they mimic peptide bonds.
Fungi and Protozoans are ________________________ (Eukaryotes, Bacteria, or Archaea)
Eukaryotes
In Antifungals, what three differences do you look for?
Membrane sterols, Cell wall (chitin or other polysaccharides), and Folate synthesis
_______________ and ___________________ mycoses are apart of Antifungals
Superficial and Systemic
Chloroquine and Artemisinin are in what group?
Antiprotozoans
Malaria is what?
Chloroquine
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