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Life span Study Guide Midterm

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (136)

Freud
theory of personality development began to have an influence on developmental science in the early 1900s and was among the first to include a description of stages
Erikson
first proposed that personality development is a lifelong process, and by the 1960s cognitive theorists began to argue that adult thinking also changes systematically over time. Most classic developmental theories emerged during the early and middle decades of the twentieth century
Piaget
Developed theory of children's cognition, morality and language development using observational and empirical research methods; popularized constructivist views of development.
Bronfenbrenner
Studied the contextual influences on development across cultures; popularized a multidimensional systems model of developmental processes
Reflective Practice
The idea of "reflectivity" derives from Dewey's (1933/1998) view of education, which emphasized careful consideration of one's beliefs and forms of knowledge as a precursor to practice
Nature/Nurture controversy
Developmental researchers acknowledge that both nature and nurture influence most behavioral outcomes, but in the past they have often focused primarily on one or the other, partly because a research enterprise that examines multiple causes at the same time tends to be a massive undertaking.
Epigenesis
set of processes by which factors outside of hereditary material itself can influence how hereditary material functions. These "factors" are environmental. These include the chemicals in the cytoplasm of the cell (which constitute the immediate environment surrounding the chromosomes) to factors in the cells and tissues adjacent to the cell, to factors beyond the body itself, such as heat, light, and even social interaction
Neuroplasticity
The malleability of the human brain, its capacity to change and grow especially in response to new environmental input. Includes the capacity of neurons to shift functions to compensate for damage to other cells or because they have been transplanted to a different part of the brain.
Development of Stress
what needs to happen because that of stressors pose a clear opportunity for the organism to adapt
constructiveness theory
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vigotsky
Studied development of thought and language through the lens of culture; emphasized the social nature of learning; works originally in Russian became available in English in the 70s and 80s
zone of proximal development
is one of Vygotsky's most influential ideas. It describes the situation in which a learner is able to grasp a concept or perform some skill only with support or scaffolding from someone else
emotional development
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early bonding
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implications of the early bonding events for later well-being
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strange situation test
what is the famous study for attachment with a series of eight 3 min episodes introducing changes in a social situation
erikson, bowlby, and ainsworth
who are the three psychologists who are associated with attachment theories
bowlby's
who's evolutionary theory of attachment suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive
ainsworth
who was the developmental psychologist known for her work in early emotional attachment with "Strange Situation" as well as her work in the development of Attachment Theory.
i-self
the knower, self as subject, it is spontaneous and unpredictable and no one and nothing is as important as you, authentic and selfish and creative
"me"
a collection of personal attributes, it is socialized to think beyond yourself and care about within societies, helps to regulate the I without suffocating completely
self esteem
evaluation of one's attributes
william james
he distinguished self as subject ("I") and the self-as-objects, or self-concept ("me")
"I" continuously experienced, distinct from others
"me" collection of personal attributes
self-esteem is evaluation of attributes
charles cooley
developed looking glass self
developmental perspective
self-representation constructed in interactions with others over time
george herbert mead
language and society
studied self development and culturally determined differences in preferred ways of viewing selves
believed in james' two versions of self: I and Me as well
looking glass self
describes the development of one's self and of one's identity through one's interpersonal interactions within the context of society.
pre-self
early development of self. precursors of self-awareness in infancy
early inklings of body permanence
procedural representations of interactions
self- recognition
as early as 15 months, able to identify that the person in the mirror is themselves (ex: putting a mark on their forehead and looking at themselves in the mirror and realizing there is something on their head)
self- descriptive
using words at 2 years, concrete words to describe themselves such as i am tall, I am strong
self-evaluation
advances with self-recognition
self-control/self-regulation
stop yourself from doing something
make yourself do things you dont want to do
marshmallow test
authoritative style
widely regarded as the most effective and beneficial parenting style for normal children. Authoritative parents are easy to recognize, as they are marked by the high expectations that they have of their children, but temper these expectations with understanding a support for their children as well
authoritarian style
strict parenting, is characterized by parents who are demanding but not responsive. Authoritarian parents allow for little open dialogue between parent and child and expect children to follow a strict set of rules and expectations. They usually rely on punishment to demand obedience or teach a lesson.
permissive style
These parents are responsive but not demanding. These parents tend to be lenient while trying to avoid confrontation. The benefit of this parenting style is that they are usually very nurturing and loving.
neglecting style
one of the most harmful styles of parenting that can be used on a child. Neglectful parenting is unlike the other styles in that parents rarely fluctuate naturally into neglectful parenting as a response to child behavior.
power assertion
physical punishment or threats
withdrawal of privileges mild to severe
effective immediate control, but no longer term, harsh forms increase aggression
love withdrawal
withdraw attention or affection
express disappointment
elicits compliance, but generates high anxiety, few effects on long-term self regulation
induction
use of explanation
appealing to child's desire to be grown-up
most effective for promoting internalization of rules and longer term self-regulation
1. warmth and responsiveness facilitate self-control
2. anxious arousal facilitates willingness to comply and internalize of standards
what two aspects of parenting promote these processes
internalization
is associated with conscience feelings of distress when one violates a rule, or contemplates violating a rule
crittendon
who's formulation provides a model for counselors to understand how individuals build a self through attachment relationships
securely attached
infants are reinforced for expressig positive and negative feelings" encodes that she is a valuable and loved person
insecure avoidant
infants learn that displays of distress elicit rejection, punishment, or withdrawal: develop emotionally constricted self
insecure- anxious
infants learn that displays of distress elicit unpredictable results: develop emotionally volatile self
all about spanking
1. power assertion effective for short term control but related to higher incidence of mental disorders and has little influence on self-regulation, moratlity
2. use and severity or corporal puishment tend to escalate over time
3. the american academy of pediatrics strongly advises against and corporal punishment
4. most experts advise parent education emotion regulation and alternative strategies
5. the growth of a healthy self-system depends upon an environment that provides love and limits appropriate to developmental level
connections between brain and behavior
changes in brain size and organization accompany the accomplishments of middle childhood
children's memory
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Stage 0: (3-6) undifferentiated/egocentric
stage 1: (5-9) differentiated/subjective
stage 2: (8-12) reciprocal/self refelctive
stage 3 (10-15) mutual/third-person
stage 4 (late teen+) intimate/ in depth/ societal
seligman's 5 stages of friendship development
genes
______ and experience are necessary to development, interact dynamically
1. poor attentional control
2. restlessness or hyperactivity
3. impulsivity
in ADHD: the cluster of symptoms problematic for school:
epigenetics
the environment and DNA working together
middle
there is a significant amount of normal variation, uneven brain development in _____ childhood
egocentrism
children at this stage (6-12 years) can decenter, think about more than one dimension at a time
piaget's stages of concrete operations
egocentrism
reversibility
logical reasoning
reversibility
understand when one change reverse effects of another, can now infer underlying realities
logical reasoning
most logical when solving concrete problems
logical thinking can be domain specific
emerges over extended period
self regulation, inhibitory control
attention
working memory
planning, strategic problem solving
what are some of the improvements in executive functions of those with ADHD
recognition and recall
what are the two kinds of remembering or retrieval
recognition
realizing information is familiar
recall
drawing information from long term memory
semantic
episodic
procedural knowledge
what kinds of declarative knowledge is stored in memory
episodic memory
memory of events over time, kids are very good at this
procedural knowledge
nondeclaritive, knowing what to do next, idea of planning and informed by working and long term memory
semantic memory
memories that are not necessary, trivia knowledge
children's eyewitness testimony
memory for observed events may be incomplete
avoid leading questions
keep repetition to a minimum
use emotionally neutral tone
avoid stereotype induction
do not use inducements
what are some guidelines for better eyewitness interviews
social cognition
learning about social relationships and acquiring a theory of mind
country, culture, population level
school level
teach child interaction level
factors moderate each others' effects
what are some of the many factors contribute to academic success
quantity
stimulation
valuing
what are some effective educational factors
frequent moves
new language and social context
economic stress
health concerns
goodness-of-fit with school practices
experience of discrimination
what are the potential stressors for immigrant children
strong and positive ethnic identity
strong value for education
cognition advantages of bilingual experience
what are some potential positive protective factors
theory of mind
children develop this idea that there is a broader world out there and there are other perspectives, develop empathy and therefore develop friendships
nature and nurture
________provide backdrop for psycho-social development
moral development
behaving in accordance with moral values and is widely agreed to make the world a better place
specifics of values subject to more disagreement
self concept
acquiring moral sense is critical for self-concept
central to successful adult functioning
constrained cognitive development
self-esteem
our feelings about ourselves
self assessments of specific competencies and generalized perception of themselves
academic self concept
subdivided by subject areas, math, science, etc
nonacademic self concept
subdivided into social emotional and physical
academic and non academic self concept
childrens general self concept divided into what two domains
Terry Kottman's Crucial C's
Courage- children with this are reliant and hopeful they take risks
connect- connection to others leads to security and cooperation
capable- competence and self reliance
count- children who know they count feel significant and can make a difference
global self esteem
what is dependent on competence in areas of personal importance
social process
construction of the self is a ______
cultural values
parenting practices reflect ________
capacity to make judgments of right vs wrong
preferring to act in ways judges to be right
development of moral self
classic theories of moral development
what are the elements of mortality
emotions
cognitions
behavior
morality requires what three elements to be present
freud
who claimed that inborn impulses of the id are entirely self serving
freud
who claimed superego emerges in preschool period
freud
who claimed the source of moral emotions were pride shame and guilt
piaget and kohlberg
who claimed that developmental stages in moral reasoning
piaget
who stated permoral, heteronomou, autonomous
kohlberg
who came up with the moral stages of preconventional conventinal and postconventional
preconventional punishment and obedience
right and wrong is defined by what they get punished for
preconventional instrumental-relativist.
what we are rewarded for by doing what others want
conventional interpersonal concordance
being good is whatever pleases others and a conformist attitude to morality
convetnional law and order
being good now means doing your duty to society. to this end we obey laws without question and show a respect for authority
postconventional social construct
right and wrong now determined by personal values although these can be over ridden by democratically agreed laws. when laws infringe our own sense of justice we can choose to ignore them
postconventional universal ethical principle
we now live in accordance with deeply held moral principles which are seen as more important as the individual component
cross cultural differences in development of self
development of self concept
_____________ is to act in ways that intended to benefit someone else.
this tends to increase with age
individual differences stable across age
pro-social behavior or altruism
what multiple factors contribute to prosocial behavior
1. emotion- empathy/sympathy
2. cognition- needs-based reasoning, weighing own needs against those of others
3. temperament and personality- social competence, behavioral inhibition
4. parenting practices and peer relationships
_____ behavior is distinguished by intent to harm or injure another or disregard for the harm
antisocial
using force of threat to obtain possession
instrumental aggression
behavior aimed at damaging peer relationships
person-directed, social, or relational aggression
small amount of forethought, determined by impassivity and reactivity result of extreme neg emotions
emotional aggression
what is touted as the holy grail of mental health
self esteem
what resides inside us but depends on appraisals of significant others
self-worth
morality is composed of three interlocking systems known as
1. empathy
2. identification with moral others
3. principles or standards of right and wrong
what develops through caring relationships
empathy
what develops with exposure to caring and just models
identification
what evolves through exposure to ideas in school, home, counseling, and friendships
principles and standards
a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. (ex: children who abuse animals and start fires)
- frequently encountered in among youth
- boys have higher rates than girls
- symptoms vary according to age and gender
conduct disorder
is conduct disorder comorbid? as in do children with conduct disorder also fall into categories of other mental disorders such as adhd, odd etc
yes
what is used for the diagnoses of conduct disorder
3+ symptoms in 12 months at least one in the last 6 months
the role of social processes in gender identity
the role of cognition in gender identity
the role of biology in gender identity
gender identity
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role of the peer group
the following facts are under what topic:
we have 23 pairs of chromosomes
x and y chromosomes also differ in function
testes then produce masculinizing hormones
biology of sex
reserved for biologically determined process
sex
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good peer relationships
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counseling considerations in working with middle childhood and early adolescence
used for socially influenced characteristics
gender
gender stability by 3 and 4 years realizing gender doesnt fluctulate over time
early gender identity
hormonal changes at puberty may cause some behavioral differences
experiences may change hormonal levels
hormones
experiences may change _____ structures
brain
a _____ is a network of expectations and beliefs about male and female characteristics. this also affects how children evaluate behavior and kinds of behaviors they choose
gender schema
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory
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social learning theories
distinct from social interactions or friendships
the peer group
affective response such as empathy
cognitive processes such as perspective taking
social competence
discrete observable behaviors such as making eye contact using appropriate language
social skills
measurement of individual status within the peer group
combines positive forces (attraction) negative forces(repulsion) and indifferent (a lack of both)
sociometry
a count of pos vs neg peer norminations or mentions
social preference score
total of both pos and neg nominations
social impact score
Sociometric statues include what
popular
rejected
neglected
average
controversial
_____ are important social contexts that reinforce ways of thinking and behaving
peer groups
peer groups cause an individual to conform to the names of the group
groups form through: influence
individuals choose to affiliate with others who share similar behaviors or attributes
groups form through: selection
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