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Biology Ch. 3-4

Terms in this set (114)

These molecules have a carbon "skeleton" or backbone and contain some hydrogen atoms

The large molecules of life are known as

Groups of atoms attached to a carbon backbone which participate in chemical reactions are called

functional groups

A small subunit or "building block" of a larger, complex macromolecule is called a

Long chains of monomers (subunits) joined together are called

This type of chemical reaction occurs when adjacent monomers (subunits) are bonded together by removing a molecule of water between them to form a larger molecule

dehydration synthesis

This type of chemical reaction occurs when adjacent monomers (subunits) are broken apart by adding a molecule of water between them is called

Four categories of biological molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Molecules composed of C, H, O in a one:two:one ratio (C6H12O6) are called

Three classes of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A single sugar molecule is called a

Two monosaccharides bonded together is called a

Many (100's - 1000's) of monosaccharides bonded together are called

polysaccharides

Starches, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of this carbohydrate

Glucose and fructose (6-carbon sugars) are examples of this carbohydrate

monosaccharides

Sucrose, lactose, maltose are examples of this carbohydrate

Table sugar is also known as (aka)

Milk sugar is also known as (aka)

Ribose and deoxyribose are examples of this carbohydrate (5-carbon sugars)

monosaccharides

A carbohydrate which functions as long-term energy storage in plants is called _____________________________ (plants store their excess sugar as this).

A carbohydrate which functions as long-term energy storage in animals is called ______________________________ (animals store their excess sugar as this).

The most abundant organic molecule (polysaccharide) on earth is

A carbohydrate structural material in plant cell walls (polysaccharide) is

A carbohydrate structural material which forms insect exoskeletons and the cell walls of fungi (polysaccharide) is

Humans cannot digest and extract energy from this polysaccharide

The most common monosaccharide and forms the subunit or monomer in starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin is

These are "water-loving" molecules and attract water molecules

These are "water-fearing" molecules and repel water molecules

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids can all be classified as ___________________ molecules

These fats and oils contain a glycerol "backbone" bonded to three fatty acid "tails"

These lipids are composed of four fused carbon rings

This lipid (triglyceride) is solid at room temperature

This lipid (triglyceride) is liquid at room temperature

The fatty acid tails in these lipids have single bonds between carbon atoms and are saturated with hydrogen

The fatty acid tails in these lipids have some double bonds between carbon atoms, are "unsaturated" with hydrogen, and are liquids at room temperature

unsaturated fats

This lipid steroid is embedded in the cell membrane to give it support and make it more flexible

Testosterone and estrogen are examples of this lipid

The monomer (subunit) of a protein is an

There are _________ different amino acids

An amino acid is composed of these four functional groups bonded to a central C atom: _____________________, ___________________, ____________________ and a "side group" which varies

hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl acid group

Adjacent amino acids are bonded together by this chemical reaction to form proteins

dehydration synthesis

The covalent bond "name" that joins two adjacent amino acids together is called

Enzymes, collagen, keratin, spider silk, contractile filaments in muscles, antibodies in bloodstream, hemoglobin - are all examples of this molecule

This protein structure is a linear sequence of amino acids

primary structure

This protein structure forms a coiled helix or pleated sheets

secondary structure

This protein structure is formed by folded individual peptides and produces a three-dimensional shape

tertiary structure

This protein structure results when two or more peptides join to form a large three-dimensional aggregate

quaternary structure

When a protein "unravels" and looses its 3-dimensional shape due to unfavorable environmental conditions - such as change in temperature or pH- it is called

What is the subunit (monomer) of nucleic acids?

The three part structure of a nucleotide

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

Two types of nucleic acids are: _________________ and ____________________

The nucleic acid which forms a long double-stranded helix is

The nucleic acid which forms a single strand of nucleotides is

The nucleic acid, located in the nucleus of the cell, which contains the "blueprint" or the genetic code information needed to build proteins is

The nucleic acid which copies DNA in the nucleus and carries the genetic code into the cytoplasm of the cell and directs the synthesis of proteins is

These four nitrogen bases are found in ribose nucleotides

adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

These four nitrogen bases are found in deoxyribose nucleotides

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

This sugar is found in RNA

This sugar is found in DNA

The 3 principles of modern cell theory

every living organism is made up of one or more cells, cells are the building blocks of life in multi-cellular organisms, all cells arise from pre-existing cells

The English scientist who first coined the word "cell" was

The type of microscope commonly used in labs where light is passed up through a specimen - typically magnifies from 40X to 430X is called a

light microscope

The type of microscope that uses beams of electrons and reveals 3-dimensional images of cell surfaces is called a

scanning electron microscope

The type of microscope that uses beams of electrons and is powerful enough to see internal cell structures is called a

transmission electron microscope

The ability of the microscope to clearly separate details is called

resolving power

Two basic types of cells are

prokaryotic, eukaryotic

Two domains of life that have prokaryotic cell types are

bacteria, archaea

One domain of life that has eukaryotic cell types is

Cell type meaning "before nucleus" because its DNA is located in a nucleoid region and not in a separate membrane-bound nucleus is

Cell type meaning "true nucleus" because its DNA is located in a separate membrane-bound nucleus is

Cell type which is smaller, lacks membrane-bound organelles, and has few specialized structures is

Cell type which is larger, more complex, and contains membrane-bound organelles is

The 1st prokaryotic cells appeared on Earth over

The 1st eukaryotic cells appeared on Earth over

Small, membrane-bound structures which perform specific functions within the cytoplasm of the cell are called _____________________ ("little organ")

Three structures/organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

Each and every living cell is surrounded by a

plasma membrane

The "fluid mosaic model" of the plasma membrane consists of a "fluid" bi-layer of __________________________ in which a "mosaic" of various types of __________________________ are embedded

phospholipids, proteins

The two fatty acid "tails" of a phospholipid are "water-fearing" or __________________ and orient toward the _________________ of the membrane

hydrophobic, middle

The phosphate "head" of a phospholipid are "water-loving" or _________________ and orient toward the watery fluids on the outside of the cell and the watery ___________________________ on the inside of the cell

hydrophilic, cytoplasm

The plasma membrane serves 3 major functions:
1) _______________ the internal contents of the cell from the external environment
2) _______________ the flow of material into and out of the cell ("the gate keeper")
3) communicates with other cells

protects, regulates

The plasma membrane is ________________________ which means it permits the passage of only certain molecules into and out of the cell, and blocks the passage of some substance altogether. ("gate-keeper")

selectively permeable

The movement of some molecules such as: sugar and other water-soluble molecules, can only occur through __________________________ which span the membrane an provides a channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute.

transport proteins

The ________________________ is called the "control center" of the eukaryotic cell which contains the genetic material which has the information to direct cell activities

The three parts of the nucleus include

nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus

Chromatin is composed of these two molecules

Prior to cell division, chromatin condenses into thick short strands called

The darkly staining regions within the nucleus is called ____________________ and is the site of ribosome synthesis

Small structures composed of RNA and proteins that are located singly in the cytoplasm or studded along the rough ER are called

The site of protein synthesis is the

An extensive membrane system of tubes and sacs that separate its internal contents from the surrounding cytoplasm and is continuous with the nuclear envelope is called the

endoplasmic reticulum

Which ER has attached ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance and produces two types of proteins?

rough ER, membrane proteins and secretory proteins

Which ER lacks ribosomes giving it a "smooth" appearance and synthesizes lipids (including steroids) and detoxifies drugs/poisons by cells in the liver?

Which membrane-bound sacs containing molecules, such as proteins, that bud-off the ER or Golgi complex and are carried to other parts of the cell or fuse with the plasma membrane?

This organelle consist of flattened stacks of membrane sacks in the cytoplasm and serves as the receiving & shipping center or "post office" of the cell

golgi apparatus

Three major functions of the Golgi complex

sorts, modifies, packages

This organelle serves as the cell's digestive system and contains powerful hydrolytic enzymes inside its membrane

Lysosomes digest these materials

worn-out (defective) organelles, harmful bacteria, lipids

Permanent vacuole found in many fresh-water organisms (protists) used to regulate water in-take by collecting and expelling excess water are

contractile vacuoles

Permanent vacuole unique to plants which maintains turgor (cell) pressure and stores molecules such as nutrients, pigments, toxins, and wastes are

central vacuoles

Two organelles that provide energy for the cell

chloroplast, mitochondria

The site of aerobic cellular respiration which converts the chemical energy stored in glucose bonds into ATP energy for use in cellular activities is

The site of photosynthesis which captures sunlight energy and converts it to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose is

The organelle called "power house of the cell" is the

The organelle which has structures called: cristae, matrix, and the intermembrane compartment is

The organelle which has structures called: stroma, grana, and thylakoid is

Three functions of the cytoskeleton are:
1) _____________________________ the cell,
2) gives ______________________ to the cell, and
3) _______________ & _______________ organelles.

supports, shape, moves, anchors

The cytoskeleton is composed of a network of ______________________ fibers

Two types of slender, plasma membrane extensions used for movement through a fluid environment are _______________________ and _______________________. and are composed of protein microtubules in a characteristic "9 + 2" arrangement

cilia, flagella

The extension that is short, numerous, and moves in a coordinated back-and-forth motion is called

The extension that is longer, fewer in number, and propels the cell in a whip-like motion is called

Euglena and animal sperm rely on this extension type for movement

Paramecium and eggs in oviducts rely of this extension type for movement

The three main function of plant cell walls

protects, maintains shape, supports

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