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Chapter 23

Terms in this set (17)

African National Congress
south african political parrty esablished in 1912 by elite africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal
Founder and first president of the republic of turkey (1881-1938); as military commander and leader of the turkish national movement, he made turkey into a secular state
Black Consciousness
south african movement that sought to foster pride, unity,, and political awareness amoung the country's africian majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule
Boers
also known as afrikaners, the sector of the white population of south africa that descended from early dutch settlers
decolonization
Process in which many african and asian states won their independence from western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation
Democracy in Africa
subject of debate amoung scholars, the democracies established in the wake of decolonization in africa proved to be fragile and often fell to military coups or were taken over by single-party authoritarian systems; africas inital rejection of democracy has sometimes been taken as a a sign that fricans were not ready for democratic politics or that traditional african culture did not support it
economic development
a process of growth or increasing production and the distribution of the increasing production and the distribution of the proceeds of that growth to raise living standards nearly universal desire for economic development in the second half of the twentieth century reflected a central belief that poverty was no longer inevitable
Gandhi, Mohandas K.
Usually referred to by his soubriquet "Mahatma" (great soul), Gandhi undoubted spiritual leader of the indian drive for independence from great britain
Indian National Congress
Organization established in 1885 by Western educated elite indians in an effort to win a voice in the governance of india; over time, the INC became a major popular movement that won india's independence from britain
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali
Leader of india's all india muslim league and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948)
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla
important shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of islamic law and religion) who became the leader of iran's islamic revolution and ruled iran from 1979 until his death in 1989
Mandela, Nelson
South african nationalist and leader of the african national congress who was imprisoned for twenty seven years on charges of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of south africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison
Muslim League
The all india muslim league, created in 1906, was a resonse to the indian national congress in india's struggle for indeprendence from britain; the league's leader, muhammad ali jinnah, argued that regions of india with a muslim majority should form a separate state called pakistan
Nehru, Jawaharlal
The first prime minister of independent india (1889-1964)
Pahlabi, Muhammad Reza
Born in 1919 pahlavi was shah of iran from 1941 until he was deposed and fled the country in 1979, he died in 1980
Satyagraha
literally, "truth force"; mahatma gandhi's political philosophy which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action
soweto
impoverised black neighborhood outside johannesburg south africa and the site of violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...