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Unit 11

Terms in this set (42)

organic chemistry
The study of all chemicals containing carbon
hydrocarbons
organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen
methane
colorless, odorless, flammable gas present in natural gas and formed by the decomposition of plant matter
ethane
C2H6; a colorless odorless alkane gas used as fuel
propane
C3H8; colorless gas found in natural gas and petroleum
butane
C4H10; occurs in natural gas
octane
C8H18; any isomeric saturated hydrocarbon found in petroleum and used as a fuel and solvent
isomers
compounds with the same formula but different structure
structural formulas
chemical formulas that show the arrangement of atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions
acetylene
a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis
condensed structural formula
structural molecular formula showing the general arrangement of atoms but without showing all the covalent bonds
geometric isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
cis isomer
an isomer of an alkene in which the hydrogen atoms in the double bond are on the same side
trans isomer
substituents other than hydrogen on opposite side of double bond
Friedrich Wohler
attempted to make an "inorganic" salt, ammonium cyanite, by mixing solns of ammonium ions(NH4+) and cyanate ions (CNO-) but instead made urea, an organic compound present in the urine of animals
saturated hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.
unsaturated hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds
alkanes
a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds
cycloalkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joined in a ring
ethylene glycol
a sweet but poisonous syrupy liquid used as an antifreeze and solvent
alkenes
hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
alkynes
a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond.
aromatic hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons that contain similar ring structures
benzene
a colorless liquid hydrocarbon
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
alkyl halides
Halogen can be placed on hydrocarbons to produce alkyl halides,name the lowest number, they have equal rank
alkyl groups
groups of atoms that are formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule
fractional distillation
A process of petroleum refining, by which a chemical mixture such as petroleum is separated into its components depending on the different boiling points of components.
functional group
group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
alcohols
organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups
ether
The regions of space beyond the earth's atmosphere; the heavens; a highly flammable liquid anesthetic
esters
organic compounds with carboxylic acid groups that have the H in the hydroxyl replaced by an alkyl group
carboxylic acids
compounds with carboxyl groups
aldehydes
cause cross-linking that inactivates proteins and nucleic acids
ketones
Fragments formed by the tissues during incomplete use of fat for energy, and released into the blood.
Acetylsalicylic acid
aspirin
methanol
a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol
ethanol
a fuel made from corn and wheat that is used like gasoline but is a renewable resource
Methanoic acid
(HCOOH) Simplest of organic acids. Not used by embalmers but used by ants, wasps and other stinging insects.
Isopropyl alcohol
alcohol used as antifreeze or a solvent
Ethanoic acid
a colorless pungent liquid widely used in manufacturing plastics and pharmaceuticals
August Kekule
discovered structure of benzene
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