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Regardless of context and medium, this list of twenty logical fallacies helps you read (comprehend and analyze and evaluate) faulty logic and avoid writing (applying and creating) faulty conclusions/theses/claims.
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Terms in this set (20)
(AKA "veiled threat") Argument that relies on negative pathos appeal, often by threatening audience with negative consequences.
Faulty logic: Negative emotion replaces logic, persuading through negative pathos appeal.
Fallacy example: "Anyone who votes for my opponent may have a hard time evading water balloon projectiles in the parking lot."
Faulty logic: Negative emotion replaces logic, persuading through negative pathos appeal.
Fallacy example: "Anyone who votes for my opponent may have a hard time evading water balloon projectiles in the parking lot."
(AKA "appeal to popularity") Conclusion is based on popularity instead of sound logic. This implies the pressure that everyone else believes it or does it, so you should also.
Faulty logic: Just because something is popular doesn't mean it's the best answer.
Fallacy example: "Smoking is a healthy and worthwhile pastime because millions of people do it."
Faulty logic: Just because something is popular doesn't mean it's the best answer.
Fallacy example: "Smoking is a healthy and worthwhile pastime because millions of people do it."
Situation that unreasonably calls special consideration for one side's point-of-view, but not for the other's.
Faulty logic: Evidence judged by different standards; often, one side uses the double standard to deny the validity of inconvenient arguments.
Fallacy example: "The professional athlete should be granted a path to citizenship over a regular person because people want the athlete to be an American."
Faulty logic: Evidence judged by different standards; often, one side uses the double standard to deny the validity of inconvenient arguments.
Fallacy example: "The professional athlete should be granted a path to citizenship over a regular person because people want the athlete to be an American."
Situation reduced to only two potential solutions or conclusions when more alternatives are possible.
Faulty logic: Excludes alternative conclusions
Fallacy example: "Either we must ban people that don't agree with us from having equal rights to marriage laws, or else all moral values in this country will collapse."
Faulty logic: Excludes alternative conclusions
Fallacy example: "Either we must ban people that don't agree with us from having equal rights to marriage laws, or else all moral values in this country will collapse."
(A.K.A. "post hoc ergo propter hoc") Analysis of a past situation that mistakes the situation's chronological order of events as cause-and-effect reasons for the situation's outcome.
Faulty logic: Conclusion is not a necessary deduction just because one event happened before another. "A happened and then B happened, so A must have caused B."
Fallacy example: "First, Professor G became my teacher. Then I got better at analyzing logical fallacies. My progress is because of Professor G."
Faulty logic: Conclusion is not a necessary deduction just because one event happened before another. "A happened and then B happened, so A must have caused B."
Fallacy example: "First, Professor G became my teacher. Then I got better at analyzing logical fallacies. My progress is because of Professor G."
(AKA "apple polishing") Argument that relies on positive pathos appeal, often to manipulate audience through false or exaggerated flattery.
Faulty logic: False positive pathos appeal displaces logic.
Fallacy example: "Professor G! I dig your U2 t-shirt. I too like U2. Anyway, I had a lot of things go on last night. Can I have an extra day to turn in the homework?"
Faulty logic: False positive pathos appeal displaces logic.
Fallacy example: "Professor G! I dig your U2 t-shirt. I too like U2. Anyway, I had a lot of things go on last night. Can I have an extra day to turn in the homework?"
Conclusion made with inadequate evidence.
Faulty logic: This faulty inductive reasoning, coming in the form of "A and B are true, so all others must be true," mistakes overlap for inclusion.
Fallacy example: "Ducks and geese migrate south for the winter; therefore, all birds migrate south for the winter."
Faulty logic: This faulty inductive reasoning, coming in the form of "A and B are true, so all others must be true," mistakes overlap for inclusion.
Fallacy example: "Ducks and geese migrate south for the winter; therefore, all birds migrate south for the winter."
Argument that's invalid because the conclusion does not come from its premises.
Faulty logic: The conclusion could be either true or false, but the argument is faulty because there is a disconnection between the premises and the conclusion.
Fallacy example: "He lives in a large building, so his apartment must be large as well."
Faulty logic: The conclusion could be either true or false, but the argument is faulty because there is a disconnection between the premises and the conclusion.
Fallacy example: "He lives in a large building, so his apartment must be large as well."