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AP Review (1914-1945)

Terms in this set (28)

What steps did America take to prepare economically for war?
• War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch): regulate industries that produced war materials
• Food Administration (Herbert Hoover): set out to increase food production and decrease home consumption
• New taxes
• Liberty Bonds
To what extent were civil liberties abused during World War I?
Attack on Civil Liberties
A. Committee on Public Information propaganda effectively cast Germans as evil force in World War I.
B. Espionage and Sedition Acts
1. Loosely worded laws which gave the government wide authority to prosecute war critics
2. Numerous arrests and convictions with long prison sentences for those seen as "disloyal"
3. Supreme Court upheld acts, using "clear and present danger" doctrine to limit free speech in time of war
C. Persecution of radicals: Wilson administration focused on IWW and Socialist Party as targets of suppression
To what extent did the techniques and ideologies employed by the Committee on Public Information transfer afterward to the policies employed during the Red Scare?
President Wilson created the CPI (Committee on Public Information)
Support the war effort
4-minute speeches used to rally support
Liberty bonds
Laws passed to prohibit people from speaking or acting out against the war or the U.S. gov't
Sedition Act: Limited Freedom of Speech (crime if you criticized the government)
Espionage Act: Established heavy fines & long prison sentences for interfering with recruitment for the
army
With the Russian Revolution, Americans worried about workers' strikes and a Communist Revolution in the US. This marks the beginning of the first Red Scare. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer took action against the suspected communists in the United States.
How did World War I affect African-Americans and women?
During WWI many men had to leave their jobs and go to war. With a shortage of men, many women and African Americans had ot take over their jobs. WWI brought many women into the workforce and showed that women African Americans worked hard too.
What were Woodrow Wilson's main goals in his Fourteen Points? What was the public reaction to his ideas?
The Fourteen Points were a set of idealistic goals for peace. The main points were:
o No more secret treaties.
o Freedom of the seas was to be maintained.
o A removal of economic barriers among nations.
o Reduction of armament burdens.
o Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers.
o Self-determination or independence for oppressed minority groups who'd choose their government.
o A League of Nations, an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes.
In what ways did the policies of Harding, Coolidge and Hoover reverse the successes of the Progressive Era?
Harding started the era that marked the end of the Progressive era, Coolidge and Hoover followed suit. All three men were Republicans as was the Congress that all three dealt with.
All three men felt that government should be limited when dealing with business as their actions during their presidency reflected. During their terms business prospered, but ended in the disastrous Depression.
What was the effect of the consumer products of the 1920s on social behavior?
Mass production was perfected. New products became cheaper. Advertising encouraged everyone to buy more. People relied on credit to buy goods (leads to debt).
Two most important innovations:
Automobile: people could travel outside of the city and did not have to rely on walking or public transportation to get around.
Radio: Brought entertainment and advertising into the home
How did the Harlem Renaissance represent a shift in the role of African-Americans in society?
The HR let African Americans provided a place for AAs to feel comfortable and gave them an avenue to express their culture (arts, music, literature, etc). Other ethnicities began to take part in AA culture. Musicians (Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington) and writers (Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston) introduced mainstream American culture to African American culture.
In the conflict of fundamentalism vs. modernism, what organizations and events proved that America was not ready for changes in immigration, race relations, and social change?
Scopes Monkey Trial: Fundamentalists came away with a legal win in the case, the modernists were able to gain momentum due to Darrow's defense of Scopes. Jennings Bryan tried to build much of his case on Biblical truths, as you might expect, but Darrow pulled a fast one on him, and called Bryan to testify. Darrow began questioning Bryan on the Bible, proving that his knowledge only went so deep, and somewhat diminished Bryan's credibility.
Red Scare: fear of communism
Emergency Quota Act (1921): Set up quotes for the number of people from each country that could enter the United States
National Origin Act (1924): Further cut immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and cut off immigration from Japan.
Sacco and Vanzetti: accused of killing a guard. Many protested the trial as unfair (little evidence). Eventually executed.
What were five causes of the Great Depression and what were the primary catalysts?
1. Stock Market Crash (10/29/29): Also known as Black Tuesday. Investors rushed to get their money out of Stock Market. Many were left with nothing.
2. Bank Failures: Bank deposits were not protected. As banks failed many people lost savings they had deposited in banks.
3. Drought on the Great Plains: The Dust Bowl was a natural disaster that swept across the Great Plains. Because people could not repay loans, many were forced off their farms and headed West. (Think about "Grapes of Wrath)
4. Economic Policy with Europe: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) was created to help American businesses. It taxed imports at the peak 20%. It retaliation, many European countries taxed imports from America. This resulting in less trading for many American businesses.
5. Reduction in Purchasing: Many people did not have money to purchase items. This led to a reduction of goods produced and reduction in workforce. At the peak, unemployment reached 25%.
How did the homeless and farmers respond to the Great Depression, both passively and actively?
Homeless: Hoovervilles
Bonus Army: marched on Washington DC to demand their bonus from WWI early.
Farmers: abandoned farms and headed West. "Okies" were not welcomed in CA. They were viewed as taking jobs from native Californians. Most became tenant farmers.
What choices made by Herbert Hoover guaranteed that he would not be reelected in 1932?
Hoover did not believe in giving direct relief to the poor and unemployed. He believed that the American spirit was strong enough and the people could overcome the Depression. Because of this, many people did not believe he did enough to help the people. He did create the Reconstruction Finance Corp., which provided aid and loans to failing businesses and banks to help get them back on their feet. This agency was based on the trickle-down theory, which is the economic belief that the businesses and the wealthy will help the poorer members of society by improving the economy as a whole. Businesses and the wealthy will receive aid and it turn it will eventually "trickle down" to the needy.
What choices made by Roosevelt improved the banking situation?
During FDR's first one hundred days in office, the first item he tackled was the banking crisis. FDR declared a four-day bank holiday. During this time, banks were only able to accept deposits and provide emergency loans for food and animal feed. A board was created to examine finances of all banks and only allowed healthy banks to reopen. The Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation was established to protect bank deposits. People could now have faith to deposit money into banks again.
What programs did Roosevelt create to deal with massive unemployment?
Civilian Conservation Corps: provided conservation jobs for young adults (18-25 years old)
Civil Works Administration: provided jobs for the unemployed. Jobs mainly concentrated in construction projects.
National Youth Administration: provided part-time jobs to students
National Labor Relations Board (Wagner Act): Allowed workers to join unions and outlawed union-busting tactics by management.
Works Progress Administration: provided work in arts, theater, and literary projects.
What complaints did both conservatives and liberals have with Roosevelt's policies?
Conservatives: FDR doing too much and the government regulations on businesses would threatened American industries. Government did not have a right to tell people how to run their businesses. Many conservatives believed too much money was being spent to help the unemployed.
Liberals: Many saw the New Deal as "putting small bandages on a huge open wound." They didn't feel that the government was doing enough to help the poor. One of the biggest opponents to the New Deal was Huey Long (former governor and senator from Louisiana). He felt the best way to deal with the Depression was to place heavy taxes on large companies (Robin Hood Theory-take from the rich and give to the poor)
Why did Roosevelt attempt to "pack" the courts and what was the reaction to this choice?
Roosevelt attempted to pack the court by adding 6 justices to the 9 judge panel. Most of the justices were older and would not retire. They also did not support a majority of his programs.
The public did not like this because it went against what was written in the Constitution. They felt he was violating the Constitution just to get his way.
Why did America reenter a recession in 1937?
Sometimes called the "Roosevelt Recession"
During this time, manufacturing output was slowing down and unemployment was on the rise. FDR feared inflation, he started to make cuts in farm subsidies and relief programs. The Federal Reserve also raised revenue requirements. These things together caused the economy to falter.
To what extent was the New Deal successful? Unsuccessful?
Successes: Unemployment decreased, more bank security, provided pensions for the elderly, conservation work (TVA, AAA, CCC)
However, FDR was not able to solve all of the nations' problems and some of the promises he made, he could not keep. Some people also believed FDR's New Deal was only a short-term fix.
What steps in the 1920s were made to keep America isolationist and maintain peace?
In relation to the rest of the world, the United States drew into isolation, as reflected through its foreign policy during the twenties. New restrictions on immigration and a lack of membership in international organizations, such as the League of Nations and the World Court, contributed to this isolationist period of America. Focus during this era was upon domestic affairs more so than foreign affairs.
How did America's foreign policy toward Latin America change in the 1920s and 1930s?
Franklin Roosevelt his foreign policy - "good neighbor." used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under this the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.
What choices were made during Roosevelt's administration to keep America out of war?
FDR invoked the Neutrality Acts. However, Roosevelt sought to provide assistance for the Allies, while still keeping the United States out of the war. He began by asking Congress to amend the neutrality laws to allow arms sales to the Allies (Cash-and-Carry). Later on, after German forces overran France, the president asked Congress for a massive program of direct military aid to Great Britain—an initiative that Roosevelt dubbed "Lend-Lease." In both cases the legislature agreed to FDR's proposals, but only after intense debate.
Though America was technically neutral, what choices showed that they truly were participating in the war?
-Cash-and Carry Policy
-Lend Lease Act
-FDR assisted Churchill to draft the Atlantic Charter outlining postwar goals
Though America was technically neutral, what choices showed that they truly were participating in the war?
The Japanese attacked the US military units at Pearl Harbor, and at other places across the Pacific Ocean, to prevent the United States from interfering in Japanese plans to conquer the Dutch East Indies, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, and the rest of South Asia. This was part of Japan's overall strategic goal of conquering China. The resources of South Asia (primarily oil & rubber) had to be seized so that Japan's war machine could be kept functioning. The United States had stopped selling oil to Japan because of Japan's aggressions in China and Japan's recent seizure of French Indo-China.
How was 1944 a shift in where and how America fought Germany?
US and allied forces trained and prepared for amphibious invasions. The most notable was when US soldiers stormed Normandy Beech during the D-Day invasion, allowing the allies to march into Paris and defeat the Germans.
How did government take more control of America's economy during the war?
The Office of War Mobilization took over to transition from a peacetime economy to a wartime economy. US manufacturers began to produce war supplies. The government set policies to set price floors and ceilings, regulated the tax code, and instituted rationing.
In what ways was World War II a "total war" effort?
Every US citizen (within reason) did something productive for the war. Either by joining the military, working in factories, planting Victory Gardens, or even just cutting back on what they bought.
What were the goals of Yalta and Potsdam?
Yalta-1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Potsdam-a war time conference, that was attended by Truman, Attlee, and Stalin. It agreed on the establishment of the Oder-Neisse line as the border of areas administrated by government of Poland, the expulsion of the German populations remaining beyond the borders of Germany, war reparations, reversion of all German annexations in Europe after 1937, statement of aims and means of the occupation of Germany, and the prosecution of Nazi war criminals. In addition, the Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan.
Why did America drop the atomic bombs? Why was this choice criticized?
An Allied demand for an immediate unconditional surrender was made to the leadership in Japan was ignored. So, to save the lives of American soldiers, Truman decided to use the weapon.
Critics have charged that Truman's decision was a barbaric act that brought negative long-term consequences to the United States. A new age of nuclear terror led to a dangerous arms race. Some military analysts insist that Japan was on its knees and the bombings were simply unnecessary.
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