NUTR Chapter 6

Aerobic metabolism takes place in the mitochondria and is results in the greatest release of energy.
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Aerobic metabolism takes place in the mitochondria and is results in the greatest release of energy.
Where does most aerobic energy metabolism occur?
Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the cytoplasm and is only moderately efficient
Where does most anaerobic energy metabolism occur?
Carbohydrates, protein, and fats
Energy may be derived from.....
vitamins; minerals
While not a source of energy, _____________ and ________________ play an important role in the creation of energy from macronutrients.
Oxygen availability
There are several pathways in which macronutrients follow to be converted to ATP. This pathway depends on what?
The first step in the energy metabolism for carbs and glucose is glycolysis. This is an anaerobic process where the glucose is converted to pyruvate; its a 2- directional path.
If enough oxygen is available, this compound can enter the mitochondria for aerobic metabolism; this is where the pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA.
It then enter's the TCA cycle or Kreb's cycle.
If no oxygen present, pyruvate is converted to lactate.
What is the energy metabolism of carbohydrates?
Glycolysis
What is the first step of glucose energy metabolism?
The metabolic process that breaks down glucose to a useable for of energy.
What is glycolysis?
Fats are stored as triglycerides in the body. When released to be used for energy, broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.
Glycerol can be converted to glucose or pyruvate.
Give a summary of fat metabolism
anaerobic metabolism. While sprinting, there is limited amounts of oxygen and smaller amounts of ATP are produced. Anaerobic metabolism can only occur for a short time until you fatigue.
The energy you use when you are sprinting is an example of what?
In order to be convert to ATP the fatty acids have to be broken down via beta oxidation into two carbon fragments (ketones). It is then converted to acetyl CoA. The substance that acetyl CoA joins with is called oxaloacetate which is made from carbohydrates. If glucose source poor, supply of oxaloacetate is low and build-up of ketones can lead to Ketosis and ketoacidosis.What is the energy metabolism of fats?Enzymes break the carbon chains that make up the fatty acids to release two carbon fragments and convert them to acetyl CoA, which can then join other substances and begin the Krebs cycle.What happens during beta oxidation?To break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.Because fats are stored as triglycerides in the body, the first step to converting fats into ATP is what?First step of amino acid metabolism is the removal of the nitrogen group in a process known as deamination. During deamination nitrogen is converted to urea and excreted in the urine. The Carbon skeleton is what remains of the amino acids and can enter Kreb's cycle as Pyruvate and acetyl CoA then into Kreb's cycle or enter from other spots in Kreb's cycle.What is the energy metabolism of amino acids?Glycolysis is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to a useable for of energy, ATP. It is one of the metabolic pathways.How is glycolysis related to energy metabolism?Glucose goes through many step through glycolysis to become pyruvate. One it becomes pyruvate, it can become acetyl CoA. It can then join other substances and start the Kreb's CycleHow is pyruvate related to energy metabolism?Kreb's cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycleA complex series of reactions that converts acetyl CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP. This can only happen when enough oxygen is available.Lactate can be used by muscle cells to provide some energy or may be converted in the liver to glucose.How is lactate related to energy metabolism?acetyl-CoA is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.How is acetyl CoA related to energy metabolism?TCA is another way of saying the Krebs cycle, where a complex series of reactions converts acetyl CoA into ATPHow is the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) related to energy metabolism?Oxaloacetate is the substance that acetyl CoA joins with in order to begin the Krebs cycle.How is oxaloacetate related to energy metabolism?This is the primary site in the cell where ATP is made; is is used only for aerobic metabolism because oxygen is the final acceptor f hydrogen in this chainHow is the electron transport chain related to energy metabolism?nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which that the electrons to the electron transport chain.Electrons from Kreb's cycle are transferred or shuttled along the various pathways of metabolism to create ATP. In this shuttling, the electrons are picked up by carriers called ............?Water and CO2During the electron transport chain, what two things are produced as waste products?Once we have consumed enough carbohydrates to meet our immediate energy needs, we store the remaining first as glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and the muscles. Liver glycogenic used to maintain blood glucose between meals, but muscle glycogen can be used only inside the muscle for energy.What happens to additional glucose when energy needs are met and these nutrients are not needed for energy?Fats are stored mostly in the adipose tissue, but a small amount is stored in the muscles. Fats are made by lipogenesis, and once the acetyl CoAs are linked to form a fatty acid, three fatty acids bind to glycerol to produce the storage form of fat, a triglyceride.What happens to additional fats when energy needs are met and these nutrients are not needed for energy?It is broken down to yield glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis. Glucose needed to fuel your brain, central nervous system, and red blood cells, or it is stored as fat.What happens to additional amino acids when energy needs are met and these nutrients are not needed for energy?Starvation and when carbohydrate supplies are limitedList the conditions in which protein may be used for energy.fats, carbs, alcohol, and amino acids, and when consumed in excessive amounts, protein.List the compounds that may be stored as fat.Amino acids must be present in sufficient quantities for protein synthesis to occur, if protein synthesis does not occur the body must obtain all proteins from protein breakdown throwing the body out of protein turnoverDescribe conditions in which amino acids are used for energy in greater quantity.A series of chemical reactions that turns chemical energy into a form the body can use, it includes both catabolic and anabolic reactions.What is metabolism?CatabolismAny metabolic reaction that breakdown molecules for energy.AnabolismAny metabolic process that builds molecules, such as protein synthesis needed for growth.FalseT/F Fatty acids can be used to make glucoseAnaerobic metabolism"without oxygen"; the term refers to all pathways of metabolism that do not use oxygen and creates smaller amounts of ATPAerobic metabolism"with oxygen"; refers to all pathways of metabolism that use oxygen and creates larger amounts of ATP.DeaminationThe first step of amino acid metabolism is the removal of the nitrogen group in a process known as:deaminationDuring the process of __________, nitrogen is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.UreaThis substance is converted from nitrogen and excreted in the urine.LipogenesisFats are made by a pathway called ______________. Because acetyl CoA is the starting point, anything that can form acetyl CoA can be made into fat, a process known as:TriglycerideOnce the acetyl CoAs are linked to form a fatty acid, three fatty acids bind to glycerol to produce the storage form of fat, which is:triglyceridesLipogenesis is stored as.....Energy metabolism_______________ is the sum of biochemical reactions that occur in the cells of the body to obtain usable energy from food.The chemical form of energy created during energy metabolismWhat is adenosine triphosphate or ATP?