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mechanisms of perception

Terms in this set (60)

3 types of sensory cortex (sensory system organization)
primary, secondary, and association
receives input from thalamic relay station
primary sensory cortex
receives input from primary sensory cortex
secondary sensory cortex
receives input from more than one sensory modality
association sensory cortex
from simple to complex

each level receives most of its input from lower level and adds another level of analysis before passing it up the hierarchy
hierarchical organization
selective deficits from damage at different levels: the higher/lower the level of damage, the more specific and complex/simple the deficit
the HIGHER the level of damage, the more specific and COMPLEX the deficit
anatomically and functionally distinct areas at each level of cortex
functional segregation
simultaneous analysis in different ways by multiple parallel pathways, including conscious and unconscious levels of processing
parallel processing
how do we perceive an integrated whole instead of a combo of independent attribute?
THE BINDING PROBLEM (features are encoded together but then analyzed by separate areas of the brain > brain must perceive which features belong to the same obj)
? pathways from cortex to receptors that may modulate effects of attention on perception
corticofungal pathways
perception of sounds (vibrations in molecules in air, water, ground, denser = faster/slower)
auditory system, denser = FASTER
human ear sensitive to frequencies in range of ?
20-20,000 Hz, cycles per second vibration
amplitude = ?, frequency = ?, complexity = ?
amplitude = LOUDNESS, frequency = PITCH, complexity = TIMBRE
oval window: connects air filled middle ear to fluid filled ?, vibrations of oval window set up travelling ? in fluid
to fluid filled INNER EAR, travelling WAVES in fluid
vibration of basilar membrane displaces the hair cells (shearing force)> ? in auditory nerve
GENERATOR POTENTIAL in auditory nerve
humans can discriminate b/w pure tones that differ in frequency by only ?%
by only 0.2%
cochlea & auditory pathways have ? organization (according to frequency)
TONOTOPIC organizaiton
? contributes to enhancement of sensitivity to changes in frequency
LATERAL INHIBITION
coding for ? of sound source: ? and ? differences
LOCATION, TIME differences and INTENSITY differences
medial superior olives: ? differences b/w ears for arrival of sound
TIME differences
lateral superior olives: ? differences b/w ears
INTENSITY differences
receives input from medial geniculate nucleus is surrounded by ? region
primary cortex in temporal lobe, surrounded by CORE region
core region is surrounded by ? and ? regions
BELT and PARABELT regions
belt and parabelt regions are from the ? auditory cortex, which has ? separate areas
SECONDARY auditory cortex, 20 separate areas
auditory corticles: organization for frequency in functional ? with ? maps
functional COLUMNS with TONOTOPIC maps
anterior stream: ? to ? cortex
WHERE? to PARIETAL cortex
posterior stream: ? to ? cortex
WHAT? to FRONTAL cortex
***most cells respond better to ? in frequency of sound
CHANGES in frequency for sound
large auditory cortical damage: recovery of hearing after a few weeks, enduring disrupted abilities to
1) ? brief sounds
2) ? rapid complex sequences of sound
3) ? frequencies (contralateral to unilateral lesion)
LOCALIZE brief sounds
RECOGNIZE rapid complex sequences of sound
DISCRIMINATE frequencies
face patches are anatomically ?
inter-connected
AM patch has ? and a few cells respond only to ? faces
view invariance, INDIVIDUAL faces
somatosensory system for body position and movement
proprioceptive system
corpuscles that are fast-adapting and respond to change
Pacinian corpuscles
endings that are slow adapting and respond to skin stretch
Ruffini endings
area of body innervated by L and R dorsal roots of a given segment of spinal cord (overlap)
dermatome
the somatosensory pathway involved in prociception, fine touch, deep pressure, vibration
dorsal column medial-lemniscus system
the somatosensory pathway involved in touch, pain, temperature
anterolateral system
lesions to ? thalamus cause loss of sensitivity of touch, temperature change, and sharp pain
ventral posterior thalamus
lesions to ventral posterior thalamus do not affect ? pain
deep chronic pain
lesions of ? thalamus reduce deep chronic pain but not ?sensitivity
parafascicular/intralaminar thalamus, cutaneous sensitivity
there is some ? of both systems; lesions of either dorsal-column medial lemniscus and anterolateral systems (can/cannot) eliminate perceptions of touch, proprioception, pain, or temperature
overlap, cannot
org of primary somatosensory cortex: ? organization for receptive fields for same part of ? and same type of ?
columnar organization, same part of body, same type of stimulus
secondary somatosensory cortex
SII
org of SII is ? (bilateral)
somatotopic
failure to recognize parts of one's one body
asomatognosia
failure to recognize own symptoms (Aunt Betty)
anosognosia
? cortex is involved in ? response to pain rather than pain perception
anterior cingulate cortex, emotional response
path through ? thalamus to orbitofrontal cortex may be required for ? perception of ?
medial dorsal thalamus
conscious perception of odors
same type of olfactory receptors project to same olfactory ? in the olfactory bulb
olfactory glomerulus
? map: mirror symmetry and similar locaiton w/i and across specis
chemotopic map
odor seems to be encoded by ? processing (pattern of activity across receptor types)
component processing
at least 33 different ? receptors for umami, sweet, or bitter
G-protein-linked receptors
in a taste bud, many receptor types communicate via gap junctions but only ? cell synapses carry signals away from the taste bud
presynpatic cell synapses
projections from tongue and oral cavity via VII, VIII, & IX cranial nerves to ? nucleus
solitary nucleus
projections from primary gustatory cortex to secondary gustatory cortex (? cortex)
orbifrontal cortex
taste ? have very ? tuned responses
taste receptors, narrowly tuned
in the ? cortex, tuning is ? and includes feature detectors for odor, texture, & temperature
primary cortex, broad
the chemotopic map in primary cortex is the same/different for individuals
different
shape or color: activation in ? stream
ventral stream
movement: activation in ? stream
dorsal stream
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