Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

Terms in this set (59)

Anatomy
The study of body parts and their relationships
Physiology
The science of how body parts function
MAJOR Subdivisions of anatomy
Gross, microscopic and developmental
Typically, physiology concerns the functions of specific organs...examples are
Renal physiology, cardiac physiology, muscle physiology
Physiology is explained by what two principles
Chemical and physical
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable: What a body can do depends on the unique architecture of its parts.
The complementarity of structure and and function
Levels of structural organization, simplest to most complex:
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
The 11 organ systems of the body
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
**Immune is system closely associated with lymphatic
Necessary life functions:
maintenance of boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth
Survival needs:
Water
Nutrients
Oxygen
Appropriate Temperatures
Appropriate Atmospheric pressure
A dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment. All body systems contribute to this. Necessary for health.
Homeostasis
Two systems most important to maintaining homeostasis
Nervous and Endocrine
Control mechanisms of the body contain at least three elements that work together
Receptors, control center, effectors
Reduces the effect of the original stimulus and are essential for maintaining homeostasis.
Negative feedback
Negative feedback mechanisms regulate
body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate and depth, blood levels of glucose and certain ions
Intensifies the initial stimulus, leading to an enhancement of the response. Rarely contribute to homeostasis
Positive feedback mechanisms
Blood clotting and labor contractions are regulated by this
Positive feedback mechanisms
Anatomical position
Eyes forward
body erect
feet slightly apart
arms at side
palms facing forward
Superior/inferior; anterior/posterior; ventral/dorsal; medial/lateral; intermediate; proximal/distal; superficial/deep
directional terms
Used to designate specific areas of the body
Regional terms
People vary internally and externally because
anatomical variability
Sagittal, frontal and transverse are types of
body planes and sections
Two major closed cavities in the body
Dorsal and ventral
Dorsal cavity is subdivided into the
spinal cavity (spinal cord), and cranial cavity (brain)
Ventral Cavity subdivided into the
Thoracic cavity (heart and lung) and the abdominopelvic cavity (liver, digestive organs and reproductive structures)
Thoracic Cavity superior subdivision
Ribs and muscles of the chest
Thoracic lateral subdivision
Pleural cavities (lungs)
Mediastinum contains
pericardial cavity (heart), esophagus, trachea etc
Separates Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
Subdivisions of abdomiopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity (superior) and pelvic cavity (inferior)
Contained in Abdominal cavity
stomach, intestines, spleen , liver and other oragans
Contained in pelvic cavity
bony pelvis, urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum
Prevents organs from rubbing together creating painful friction
serous fluid
Walls of ventral body cavity covered by double-layered membrane called
serous membrane
Part of serous membrane lining cavity walls
parietal serosa
Part of serous membrane covering organs in cavity
visceral serosa
Secreted by both parietal and visceral membranes
serous fluid
Three types of serous membranes:
PERICARDIUM (perietal paricardium, visceral pericardium)
PLEURAE (Perietal pleurae, visceral pleurae)
PERITONEUM (partietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum)
When serous membranes are inflamed their normally smoothed surface becomes roughed causing organs to stick together leading to excruciating pain known as
pleurisy or peritonitis
Umbilical region
centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus
Epigastric region
located superior to umbilical region
hypogastric region
(Pubic region) located inferior to umbilical region (hypo=below)
right and left iliac or inguinal regions
later to hypogastric region
Right and left lumbar regions
lateral to the umbilical region
Right and left hypochondriac regions
lateral to the epigastric region
Right hypochondriac region houses
Liver and gallbladder
Epigastric region houses
stomach
Left hypochondriac region houses
sleen, colon, left kidney, and pancreas.
right lumbar region houses
ascending colon of the large intestine
umbilical region houses
small intestine and transverse colon of large intestine
left lumbar region houses
descending colon of large intestine
right iliac region houses
cecum and appendix
hypogastric region houses
urinary bladdar
left iliac region
initial part of sigmoid colon
Containing mouth teeth and tongue
oral and digestive cavities
Contains nose
nasal cavity
Contains eyes
orbital cavities
Cavities that transmit sound vibrations
middle ear cavities
Cavities that surround freely movable joints like elbows and knees
synovial cavities
Students also viewed